Logo (programming language)

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Logo is an educational programming language, designed in 1967 by Wally Feurzeig, Seymour Papert, and Cynthia Solomon. "Logo" is not an acronym: the name was created by Feurzeig when he was in Bolt, Beranek and Newman, and derived from the Greek logo , which means the word or "thinking".

A general purpose language, Logo is widely known for the use of turtle graphics, where commands for movement and drawing produce line graphs either on screen or with small robots called turtles. This language was conceived to teach programming concepts related to Lisp and only later to allow the so-called Papert "body-syntonic reasoning" , in which students could understand, predict and reason about the movement of the turtle by imagining what they would do if they were a turtle. There are substantial differences among Logo dialects, and the situation is confused by the regular appearance of turtle graphics programs that call themselves Logos.

Logo is a multi-paradigm adaptation and Lisp dialect, functional programming language. There is no standard Logo, but UCBLogo has the best facilities to handle lists, files, I/O, and recursion in scripts, and can be used to teach all computer science concepts, as UC Berkeley lecturer Brian Harvey did in his book Trilogy Logo Computer Science .

The logo is usually an interpreted language, although a developed Logo dialect has been developed (such as Lhogho and Liogo). The logo is not case-sensitive but keeps the capital letters used for formatting.

Video Logo (programming language)

History
The logo was created in 1967 in Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN), a research firm Cambridge, Massachusetts, by Wally Feurzeig, Cynthia Solomon, and Seymour Papert. Its intellectual roots are artificial intelligence, mathematical logic, and developmental psychology. The first four years of research, development, and teaching Logos were conducted at BBN. Implementation The first logo, called Ghost, is written in LISP on PDP-1. The goal is to create a land of mathematics in which children can play with words and sentences. Modeled on LISP, Logo design goals include accessible power and informative error messages. The use of virtual Turtles allows direct visual feedback and graphical programming debugging.
Turtle Robot Logo works first created in 1969. A turtle screen precedes a physical floor turtle. The modern logo does not change much from the basic concept before the first tortoise. The first tortoises are moored tethered floors, not radio-controlled or wireless. In BBN Paul Wexelblat developed a turtle named Irving that has a touch sensor and can move forward, backward, spin, and ding bell. The earliest school Logo users of the first year were in 1968-69 at Muzzey Jr High, Lexington MA. Virtual and physical turtles were first used by fifth graders at Bridge School in Lexington, MA in 1970-71.
Maps Logo (programming language)

Turtle and graphics
The most famous feature Logo is a tortoise (derived from a robot of the same name), a "cursor" on the screen that shows the output of the command for movement and a small drawable pen, together producing a line graph. Traditionally it has been featured either as a triangle or a turtle icon (although it can be represented by any icon). The turtle graphic was added to the Logo language by Seymour Papert in the late 1960s to support Papert's version of the turtle robot, a simple robot controlled from a user workstation designed to perform the image function assigned to it using a retractable retractable pen. into or attached to the robot body.
As a practical matter, the use of turtle geometry instead of a more traditional model mimics the real motion logic of the turtle robot. Turtles move with orders relative to their own position, LEFT 90 means rotating to the left by 90 degrees. Some Logo implementations, especially those that allow the use of concurrency and many turtles, support collision detection and allow users to redefine the look of the turtle cursor, essentially allowing the Turtle Logo to function as a sprite.
Some turtles are supported by MSWLogo, as well as 3D graphics. Input from COM port and LPT port are also permitted by MSWLogo via windows GUI. Interruptions can be triggered through keyboard and mouse events. Simple GIF animations can also be produced in MSWLogo version 6.5 with the gifsave command.
Turtle geometry is sometimes also used in environments other than Logo as an alternative to graphically coordinated systems. For example, the idea of â€‹â€‹turtle graphics is also useful in the Lindenmayer system to produce fractals.
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Implementations

Some modern derivatives of the Logo allow thousands of turtles to move independently. There are two popular implementations: MITLS StarLogo and NetLogo from the University of MIT. They allow for the exploration of emerging phenomena and come with many experiments in social studies, biology, physics, and other fields. NetLogo is widely used in agent-based simulations in the biological and social sciences.

Although there is no commonly agreed standard, there is broad consensus on the core aspects of language. In March 2009 there were 197 implementations and dialects of the Logo, each with its own strength. Most of them are no longer widely used, but many are still in active development. Commercial logos that are still widely used in schools include MicroWorlds Logo and Imagine Logo .

The Apple Logo for II and the Author The Apple logo for//e, developed by LCSI, is the most extensive and common initial implementation of the Logo that culminated in the early to mid-1980s.

The Atari Logo is released on a cartridge by Atari for an Atari 8-bit family.

Color Logo released in 1983 on cartridge (26-2722) and disk (26-2721) by Tandy for Computer TRS-80 Color

The Commodore Logo was released, with a subtitle of "Language for Learning", by Commodore Electronics. It is based on the MIT Logo and enhanced by Terrapin, Inc. The Commodore 64 (C64105) version was released on floppies in 1983; Plus/4 (T263001) version was released on cartridge in 1984.

ExperLogo was released in 1985 on floppy by Expertelligence Inc. for Macintosh_128K.

The Logo-Heat was released in the mid-1980s by EPCOM for an 8-bit MSX computer with its own set of commands in Brazilian Portuguese.

The IT logo (for TI 99/4A computers) is also used in primary schools, emphasizing the usefulness of Logos in teaching the basics of computing for novice programmers. IBM market their own Logo version (P/N 6024076), also developed by LCSI (Logo Computer Systems, Inc.), for their new IBM PC.

UCBLogo, also known as Berkeley Logo, is a free and cross-platform Logo standard that was last released in 2009. Furthermore, George Mills at MIT uses UCBLogo as a base for MSWLogo more subtle and also free. After that, Jim Muller wrote The Great Logo Adventure which is a complete Logo guide and which uses MSWLogo as a demonstration language. The book is now out of print, but Jim has released all the files in pdf format. (Check the Logo Foundation website for details.) MSWLogo has evolved into FMSLogo: The Educational Programming Environment.
ObjectLOGO is a variant with an object-oriented extension.
aUCBLogo rewrote and improved UCBLogo.
Logo3D is the tridimensional version of Logo and can be found in Logo (programming language) at SourceForge.net.
Dr. Logos developed by Digital Research and distributed in computers such as CPC Amstrad.
Acornsoft Logo, released in 1985 for BBC Micro and Acorn Electron.
In February 1990, Electron Users published the simple implementation of Timothy Grantham's Logo for Acorn Electron under the "Talking Turtle" article.
Work continues to be done in writing Logo implementation. In 2012, LibreOffice's team developed LibreLogo as an extension for some LibreOffice versions. Logo-Libre is written in Python and allows vector graphics to be written in Writer. At least two web-based Logos using the Berkeley Logo, HTML5, CSS3, and JQuery can be found.
QLogo is an open-source and cross-platform reproduction of UCBLogo with almost full UCB compatibility that uses hardware accelerated graphics.

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Influence

The logo is a major influence on the Smalltalk programming language. It is also a major influence on Etoy's environment and educational programming language, which is basically a Logo written in Squeak (a variant of Smalltalk). The logo affects the procedure/method model in AgentSheets and AgentCubes to a program agent similar to the idea of â€‹â€‹a turtle in the Logo. The logo provides the underlying language for Boxer. Boxer was developed at Berkeley and MIT and is based on a 'literacy model', making it easier to use for ordinary people.

KTurtle is a variation of the Logo that is applied in Qt for KDE environments loosely based on Logo.

Other results of the Logo effect are Kojo, a variant of Scala and Scratch education programming languages, running on Squeak, a variant of Smalltalk, inspired by Logo.

By 2015, Cubetto, an educational robotic system for children aged 3 years and over, is developed through funding sources. Cubetto is influenced both by LOGO and by Montessori. Cubetto has a small cubic Turtle that only turns 90 degrees. Cubetto has been described as an update of the TITLEIS MIT-LOGO button-box box.