Thanksgiving (United States)

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Thanksgiving Day , or Thanksgiving Day , is a public holiday celebrated on the fourth Thursday of November in the United States. It comes from a harvest festival. Thanksgiving has been nationally celebrated and deadly since 1789, after Congress requested a proclamation by George Washington. It has been celebrated as a federal holiday every year since 1863, when, during the American Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln proclaimed the national day of "Thanksgiving and Praise for our gracious Father living in Heaven," to be celebrated at the end of Thursday in November. Along with Christmas and New Year's, Thanksgiving is part of the winter autumn/winter holiday season in the US.

The so-called "Thanksgiving First" American event was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World in October 1621. The feast lasted for three days, and - as noted by the participant Edward Winslow - attended by 90 Native Americans and 53 pilgrims. New England colonies are used to regularly celebrating "thanksgiving" - days of thanksgiving thanking God for blessings such as military victory or the end of drought.

Video Thanksgiving (United States)

History

Early thanksgiving warning

Set aside time to be thankful for one's blessings, along with having a party to celebrate the harvest, both are practices that precede the European occupation of North America. The first documented Thanksgiving service in the region currently owned by the United States was done by the Spanish and French in the 16th century. Practices of wisdom such as expressing gratitude, sharing, and giving, are an integral part of many indigenous cultures and societies.

The Thanksgiving Service is routine in what became the Commonwealth of Virginia since 1607, with the first permanent settlement of Jamestown, Virginia held a celebration in 1610. In 1619, 38 British settlers arrived at Berkeley Hundred in Charles City County, Virginia. The London Company's charter of the group specifically requires "that the day of our ship's arrival at the assigned place... in the land of Virginia shall be annually and constantly kept sacred as a day of thanksgiving to Almighty God." Three years later, after the Indian massacre of 1622, the Berkeley Hundred sites and other remote locations were abandoned and the colonists moved their celebrations to Jamestown and other safer places.

Harvest festival observed by Pilgrim in Plymouth

The Americans also tracked the Thanksgiving holiday to the 1621 celebration at Plymouth Plantation, where the settlers held a harvest party after a successful planting season. Winter or early winter festivities continued sporadically in subsequent years, first as religious obedience without preparation and later as a civil tradition.

Squanto, a Native American Patuxet living with the Wampanoag tribe, teaches pilgrims how to catch eels and grow corn and serve as interpreters for them. Squanto has learned English during slavery in England. The Wampanoag Massasoit leader had fed the colonists during the first winter when supplies brought from England were insufficient.

The pilgrims celebrated in Plymouth for three days after their first harvest in 1621. The exact time is unknown, but James Baker, research vice president of Plimoth Plantation, stated in 1996, "The event took place between 21 September and 11 November, 1621, with the most likely time to be around Michaelmas (29 September), traditional time. "Seventeenthen's account did not identify this as Thanksgiving, but followed the harvest. These included 50 people who were in the Mayflower (all left over from 100 people who landed) and 90 Native Americans. The party was cooked by four adult Pilgrim women who survived their first winter in the New World (Eleanor Billington, Elizabeth Hopkins, Mary Brewster, and Susanna White), along with young girls and male and female servants.

Two colonists gave a personal report about the party of 1621 in Plymouth. Pilgrims, most of whom are Separatists (British Dismissals), have not been confused with the Puritans, who founded their own Massachusetts Bay Colony on the Shawmut Peninsula (Boston today) in 1630. These two groups are strictly Calvinists but different in view about the Church of England. Puritans want to stay in the Anglican Church and fix it, while the pilgrims want complete separation from the church.

William Bradford, di Plymouth Plantation menulis:

They start now to collect their little crops, and to fill their homes and wartime halls, all recover well in health and strength and have many things in good numbers. Because some people work in foreign affairs, others do with fishing, about cod and bass and other fish, they take good savings, where every family has the same portion. All summer long there is nothing to be desired; and now begin to come in poultry stores, as winter approaches, where this place is abundant when they can be used (but after that it decreases by degrees). And besides waterfowl there are a lot of wild turkeys, which they eat a lot, besides the venison, etc. In addition, they have about a peck once a week to someone, or now since harvest, Indian corn with its proportions. Who made much afterwards wrote most of them a lot here for their friends in England, who do not pretend but the reports are true.

Edward Winslow, dalam Mourt's Relation menulis:

After our harvest came in, our governor sent four people with fowling, so we could gladly rejoice together after we collected our work. They four in one day kill as many poultry, with a little help in addition, serving the company almost a week. At that time, among other recreations, we trained our hands, many Indians came between us, and among others, their greatest king, Massasoit, with about ninety men, who for three days entertained and celebrated, and they went out and killed five deer, which we brought to the plantation and given to our governor, and over the captain and the others. And though that is not always so abundant as it is with us now, but by the goodness of God, we are so far from desire that we often expect you to take part of our lot.

Pilgrims held a true Thanksgiving celebration in 1623 after fasting, and a refreshing 14 days rain that resulted in a larger harvest. William DeLoss Love calculated that this thanksgiving was made on Wednesday, July 30, 1623, the day before the arrival of the supply vessel with more colonies, but before the fall of harvest. In Love's opinion, this 1623 gratitude is very important because the order to recognize the event comes from civil authorities (Governor Bradford), and not from the church, thus allowing the first civilian recognition of Thanksgiving in New England.

Referring to the harvest of 1623 after an almost violent drought, Bradford writes:

And after that God sends rain so great to them, in a fair exchange of warm weather because, through His blessing, produces a fertile and liberal harvest, for their little comfort and joy. For which mercy, in a timely manner, they also set a day of gratitude... At the time this harvest comes, instead of the famine now God gives them plenty... for that they bless the Lord. And the effects of their special cultivation look good, because all have... good enough... so that every common desire or famine has not existed between them since today.

These first-hand accounts do not seem to contribute to the initial development of the holiday. Bradford's Plymouth Plantation was not published until the 1850s. While the booklet "Mourt's Relation" is summarized by other publications without a familiar thank-you note. In the eighteenth century, the original book seemed to be lost or forgotten. The copy was rediscovered in Philadelphia in 1820, with the first reprint in 1841. In an editorial footnote, Alexander Young, was the first person to identify the 1621 party as the first Thanksgiving Day.

According to historian James Baker, the debate about where every "first Thanksgiving" takes place in modern American territory is "storm in peanuts". Jeremy Bang claims, "Local boosters in Virginia, Florida, and Texas promote their own colonies, which (like many people get off the boat) are grateful for setting foot again on dry land." Baker claims, "The origin of the American holiday is the New England Calvinist Thanksgiving, never combined with the Sabbath meeting, the Puritan festivities are special days set aside for a week for thanksgiving and praise in response to God's providence."

President John F. Kennedy issued the Proclamation 3560 on November 5, 1963 stating, "More than three centuries ago, our ancestors in Virginia and in Massachusetts, away from home in a deserted wilderness, set aside time to give thanks. determined, they are grateful for their salvation, for the health of their children, for the fertility of their land, for the love that binds them together and for the faith that unites them with their Lord. "

The Revolutionary War towards nationality

During the American Revolutionary War, the Continental Congress set one or more thanksgiving days each year, each time recommending to executives from various states about the observance of these days in their state.

The First National Proclamation of Thanksgiving was given by the Continental Congress in 1777 from a provisional location in York, Pennsylvania, while England occupied the national capital in Philadelphia. Delegation Samuel Adams made the first draft. Congress then adjusts its final version:

As such it is an irreplaceable task of all Man to worship the Almighty God; to acknowledge with gratitude to their obligations to him for the Benefits received, and to plead further such blessings when they stand in the Need of: And it has delighted him in his abundant Belas, not only to continue with us the innumerable gift of tithing His common; but also to smile at us in the just and necessary Criminal Proceedings, for the Non-reversible Defense and Establishment of Our Right and Freedoms; especially since he has been delighted, in so great Size, to prosper the Means used for our Troop Support, and to crown our Weapons with the most successful signals:

It is therefore recommended to these legislative or executive rulers of the United States to separate Thursday, the eighteenth day of the ensuing year, for Solemn Thanksgiving and Praise: That at one time and with one voice, Good people can express the Gratitude of Heart them, and sanctify themselves for the Service of their Divine Sponsors; and that, along with their Acknowledgments and Sincere Offerings, they can join the Confession of their Type of Sin, where they have lost every Favorite; and Their humble and earnest pleas to please God through the virtue of Jesus Christ, mercifully to forgive and remove them from the Warning; That may he gladly finance his Blessing on the Governments of these States, and the welfare of the General Council as a whole: To inspire our Commanders, both by Land and Sea, and all under them, with Wisdom and Fidelity which may make them appropriate Instruments, under the Salvation of the Almighty God, to secure for the United States, the greatest of all the Blessings of man, Independence and Peace: That it may please him, to prosper the Trade and Manufacture of the People, and his Husband's Labor, that our Land may produce its Increase: To take School and Education Seminary, it is necessary to cultivate the Principle of True Freedom, Virtue, and Devotion, under the Hand of care; and to prosper the Religion Facility, for the promotion and expansion of the Kingdom, which contains "Truth, Peace and Joy in the Holy Spirit.

And further advocated, Slavery Slavery, and such Recreation, such as, at other times innocent, may not be in accordance with the Purpose of the Rapture, omitted on such a solemn occasion.

George Washington, the leader of the revolutionary forces in the American Revolutionary War, proclaimed Thanksgiving in December 1777 as a celebration of victory in honor of England's defeat at Saratoga.

Thanksgiving Announcement in the early Republic

The Continental-Confederation Congress, the legislature that ruled the United States from 1774 to 1789, issued several "national days of prayer, humiliation, and thanksgiving," a practice followed by President Washington and Adams under the Constitution, and has manifested itself in American celebrations which was held on Thanksgiving Day and National Day of Prayer today. This proclamation was published in The Independent Gazetteer, or Chronicle of Freedom, on November 5, 1782, first observed on 28 November 1782:

By the United States in Congress assembled, PROCLAMATION.

It is a very important task of all nations, not just to offer their petition to the Almighty God, the good giver of everything, for His help in times of distress, but also in the service of the public and to give praise to Him. His goodness in general, and especially for the great and extraordinary signal interposition of His Organizations on their behalf; therefore, the United States of Congress converges, taking into account many examples of divine goodness to these States in the course of an important conflict, in which they have been so engaged, - a present and happier state of public affairs, and events of war in the year that is almost over; especially the harmonious public councils that are indispensable for the success of public goals, - perfect unity and the good understanding that is still present between them and their allies, despite the artistic and tireless efforts of the common enemy to share it, - The success of the US arms and their allies, - and recognition of their Independence by other European powers, whose friendship and trade must be a huge and lasting benefit to these States; In this regard, give recommendations to the population of these countries in general, to observe and to ask several states to place their authority, in appointing and ordering the observance of TWENTY DAYS TO NOVEMBER NOVEMBER as the day of ONE SOLEMN THANKS TO GOD for all His pity; and they further recommend to all ranks to testify of thanks to God for His goodness with cheerful obedience to His laws and by promoting, each in his office, and by his influence, the true and undisturbed religious practices is a big thing. the foundation of community welfare and national happiness.

Done at Congress in Philadelphia, the eleventh day of October, in the year of our Lord, one thousand seven hundred eighty-two, and our seventh Sovereignty and Independence.

JOHN HANSON, Presiden. CHARLES THOMSON, Sekretaris.

On Thursday, September 24, 1789, the House of Representatives first voted to recommend the First Amendment of the newly drafted Constitution for states for ratification. The next day, Congressman Elias Boudinot of New Jersey proposed that the House and Senate jointly ask President Washington to announce the day of thanksgiving for "a lot of signal help from Almighty God". Boudinot said that he "can not think of allowing the session to pass without offering the opportunity to all Americans to join, with one voice, to return to Almighty God, their sincere thanks for the many blessings that have been poured out upon them."

As President, on 3 October 1789, George Washington made the following proclamation and created the first Thanksgiving Day set by the national government of the United States:

Yet it is the duty of all Nations to acknowledge the providence of the Almighty God, to obey his will, to be grateful for his merits, and humbly to ask for his protection and assistance, and while both councils have their joint Committee asking me "to recommend to People The United States is a day of thanksgiving and public prayer to be observed by acknowledging with a grateful heart many signals of help from Almighty God especially by giving them a peaceful opportunity to form a form of government for their salvation and happiness.

I therefore therefore recommend and set the 26th of 26th of November next November to be devoted by the People of these States to serve the Great and the Noble, who is a Good Writer of all the good that is, that is, or it will be. For all of us to be united in giving him our sincere and humble gratitude for his kind attention and protection of the People of this Country before they become a Nation, for the signal and the variety of generosity, and the favorable interposition of its preservation we experience in the course and conclusion of the past war, for the level of tranquility, unity, and many things, which we have enjoyed ever since, for a peaceful and rational way, where we have been enabled to establish the government's constitution for salvation and happiness us, and especially the now institutionalized nation, to the civil and religious freedoms we are blessed to; and the means we have for obtaining and disseminating useful knowledge; and in general for all the great and varied help he is happy to give us.

And also that we can then unite in humbly offer prayers and pleas to God and the Sovereign of the Nations and ask him to forgive the national and other offenses, to enable us all, whether in public or private stations, to do some and relative duties appropriately and on time, to make our national government a blessing to all, by continuing to be a wise, just and constitutional Government, secretly and faithfully exercised and obeyed, to protect and guide all Rulers and the State (especially as have shown us good) and bless them with good governance, peace and harmony. To promote the knowledge and practice of religion and righteous virtue, and the expansion of science between them and Us, and generally to give to all humanity the level of temporal prosperity as he himself knows to be the best.

Given under my hand in New York City on the third day of October in 1789 our Lord.

On January 1, 1795, Washington proclaimed Thanksgiving Day to be observed on Thursday, February 19.

President John Adams declared Thanksgiving in 1798 and 1799. There was no Thanksgiving announcement issued by Thomas Jefferson but James Madison renewed the tradition in 1814, in response to the congressional resolution, at the end of the 1812 War. Caleb Strong, Commonwealth Governor of Massachusetts, 1813, "for the day of thanksgiving and public prayer" for Thursday, November 25 of that year.

Madison also declared a two-time vacation in 1815; However, nothing is celebrated in the fall. In 1816, the Governor of Plumics of New Hampshire was appointed Thursday, November 14, to be observed as the Public Thanksgiving and Governor of Brooks Massachusetts appointed Thursday, November 28 for "observed throughout the Country as Thanksgiving."

One year of thanksgiving is annually appointed by the governor of New York from 1817. In 1858 a declaration that referred to the day of thanksgiving was issued by the governors of 25 states and two regions. Lincoln and Civil War

Lincoln

In the midst of the American Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln, encouraged by a series of editorials written by Sarah Josepha Hale, proclaimed the national Thanksgiving Day, to be celebrated on the 26th, last Thursday of November 1863. This document, written by Foreign Secretary William H Seward, reads as follows:

The approaching year, has been filled with blessings from fertile fields and a healthy sky. For these gifts, so constantly enjoyed that we tend to forget the source from which they came, others have been added, which are so extraordinary, that they can not fail to penetrate and soften even a heart that can not usually be felt. for the care of Almighty Allah who is always vigilant. In the midst of a civil war with unparalleled strength and severity, which sometimes appears to foreign countries to invite and provoke their aggression, peace has been preserved with all nations, the order has been preserved, the laws have been respected and obeyed, and harmony has prevailed everywhere except in military conflict theater; while the theater was strongly contracted by the advanced army and navy in the Union. The transfer of wealth and power needed from the field of the peace industry to national defense, not catching plows, shuttles, or ships; Axes have enlarged the boundaries of our settlements, and mines, as well as iron and coal such as precious metals, have produced more than today. The population continues to increase, regardless of the wastes that have been made in camps, â € <â €

There is no human or man-made advice that compiles these great things. They are the beloved gift of the Most High God, who, while dealing with us in anger for our sins, yet still remember the mercy.

It seems to me proper and proper that they should be earnest, respectful and grateful to be recognized as one heart and voice by all Americans. Therefore I invite my fellow citizens in every part of the United States, as well as those who are at sea and those who are mourning in a foreign land, to separate and observe the last Thursday of next November, as Thanksgiving and Praise to the Father we are merciful who dwell in Heaven. And I recommend to them that while presenting fair judgments to Him because of such a single devotion and blessing, they also do so, with humble remorse for our national corruption and disobedience, praising the tender-heartedness of all who have become widows , orphaned, mourners or sufferers in a sad civil strife in which we can not avoid involvement, and earnestly plead the interposition of the Almighty Hand to heal the wounds of the nation and restore it as soon as it may be consistent with the divine purpose for pleasure full of peace, harmony, tranquility and Union.

In testimony, I am here to arrange my hands, and cause the seal of the United States to be affixed.

Completed in the city of Washington, the third day of October, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, and the eighteenth independence of the United States. "

Proclamasi President Abraham Lincoln , October 3, 1863.

Since 1863, Thanksgiving has been observed every year in the United States. The holiday replaces Evacuation Day, a national holiday held on 25 November every year before the Civil War and commemorates the British withdrawal from the United States after the American Revolution.

Post Civil Easter Era

During the second half of the 19th century, the tradition of Thanksgiving in America varied from region to region. A traditional New England Thanksgiving, for example, consists of draws held on Thanksgiving night (where the prizes are mainly goose or turkey), shooting matches on Thanksgiving morning (where turkeys and chickens are used as targets), church services-and then traditional festivals, which consists of some familiar Thanksgiving staples such as turkey and pumpkin pie, and some unusual dishes such as pigeon pie. The earliest high school football competition took root in the late 19th century in Massachusetts, which came from a game played on Thanksgiving; professional soccer is rooted as a Thanksgiving staple during the sporting origins of the 1890s, and the tradition of Thanksgiving soccer both in high school and professional levels continues to this day. In New York City, people dressed up in masks and costumes and wandered the streets in a crowd of fighters. At the beginning of the 20th century, this mass has turned into a Ragamuffin parade consisting mostly of children dressed as "ragamuffins" in adult and harmonious costume clothing and with a deliberately smoothed face, but by the late 1950s the tradition had diminished considerably only in some communities around New York.

1939 to 1941

The successors of Abraham Lincoln as president follow the example every year that declares the last Thursday in November as Thanksgiving. But in 1939, President Franklin D. Roosevelt broke this tradition. November had five Thursday's that year (instead of the more common four), Roosevelt declared the fourth Thursday as Thanksgiving, not the fifth. Although many popular histories state otherwise, he explains that his plan is to set a holiday on Thursday that will come in the final months, not the last. With the country still in the midst of the Great Depression, Roosevelt thinks that an earlier Thanksgiving will give traders a longer time to sell items before Christmas. Increasing earnings and expenses during this period, Roosevelt hopes, will help bring the country out of the Depression. At that time, advertising of goods for Christmas before Thanksgiving was deemed inappropriate. Fred Lazarus, Jr., founder of the Department Store Federation (later Macy's), was credited with convincing Roosevelt to encourage Thanksgiving to a week earlier to expand the shopping season, and within two years the change passed Congress into law.

The Republican Party denounced the change, calling it an insult to Lincoln's memories. People began referring to November 30 as "Thanksgiving Republic" and 23 November as "Thanksgiving Democrats" or "Franksgiving". Regardless of politics, many regions have made a tradition of celebrating on the last Thursday, and many soccer teams have their last game play tradition of the season on Thanksgiving; with their predefined schedule long before, they can not change. Since the Thanksgiving president's declaration was not legally binding, Roosevelt's change was largely ignored. Twenty-three countries followed Roosevelt's recommendation, 22 no, and some, like Texas, could not decide and take the second day as a government holiday.

In 1940 and 1941, the years in which November had four Thursday, Roosevelt announced the third as Thanksgiving. As in 1939, some countries followed the changes while others retained the last date last Thursday.

1942 to present

On October 6, 1941, the two US Congressional assemblies passed a joint resolution setting the last date last Thursday for a holiday that began in 1942. However, in December of that year, the Senate passed an amendment to a resolution separating the differences by requiring Thanksgiving to be observed each year on the fourth Thursday of November, which is usually the last Thursday and sometimes (two years out of seven, on average) to the last. The amendment also endorsed the House of Representatives, and on December 26, 1941, President Roosevelt signed this bill, for the first time making the Thanksgiving date a federal legal matter and fixing the day as the fourth Thursday of November.

For several years some countries continued to observe the last date of Thursday in the years with November five Thursday (the following year as in 1944), with Texas doing it until the end of 1956.

Maps Thanksgiving (United States)

Traditional celebration

Charity

The poor are often given food at Thanksgiving. Most communities have an annual drive of food that collects food packaging and cans that are not lasting, and the company sponsors the distribution of staple food charities and Thanksgiving dinners. The Salvation Army enlarges volunteers to serve Thanksgiving dinners to hundreds of people everywhere. In addition, set five days after Thanksgiving is the Giving Tuesday, a charity celebration.

Food this season

The US tradition compares the holiday to food held in 1621 by Wampanoag and Pilgrims who settled in Plymouth Plantation. This is continued in modern times with Thanksgiving dinner, traditionally featuring turkey, playing a central role in Thanksgiving celebration.

In the United States, certain types of food are traditionally served at Thanksgiving. Turkey, usually baked and stuffed (but sometimes fried instead), is usually a flagship item on every Thanksgiving feast table, so much so that Thanksgiving is a colloquially known as "Turkish Day." In fact, 45 million turkeys are consumed on Thanksgiving Day alone by 2015. With 85 percent of Americans eating, it is estimated that 276 million Americans eat on fowl, spending the estimated $ 1.05 billion in turkey for Thanksgiving in 2016.

Mashed potatoes with sauce, stuffing, sweet potatoes, cranberry sauce, sweet corn, various fall vegetables, squash, brussels sprouts and pumpkin cakes are commonly associated with Thanksgiving dinner. Stale green beans were introduced in 1955 and remain a favorite. All of this is actually coming from America or introduced as a new food source for Europeans when they arrive. Turkey may be an exception. In his book Mayflower , Nathaniel Philbrick stated that the pilgrims may be familiar with the turkey in England, even though the bird is native to America. The Spaniards had brought back pet turkeys from Central America in the early 17th century, and birds soon became popular throughout Europe, including Britain, where turkeys (as an alternative to traditional goose) became "gear in English Christmases". Pilgrims do not celebrate Christmas.

As a result of the size of Thanksgiving dinner, Americans eat more food on Thanksgiving than on other days of the year.

Giving thanks

Thanksgiving was established as a religious obedience to all members of society to thank God for the same purpose. The historical reason for the public's gratitude is: the mass of gratitude 1541 after the Francisco VÃÆ'¡squez de Coronado expedition safely through the highlands of Texas and found the game, and 1777 thanks to victory in the War of the Saratoga War Revolution. In 1789 the National Gratitude Announcement, President Washington gave many noble reasons for the national Thanksgiving Day, including "for civil and religious freedom", for "useful knowledge", and for "God's attention" and "His Savior". After President Washington delivered this message, "The Episcopal Church, in which the President of Washington is a member, announces that the first Thursday in November will be his regular day for gratitude".

The tradition of giving thanks to God continues today in various forms, especially the presence of religious service, as well as the words of the supper before the Thanksgiving dinner. Many places of worship offer worship services and ceremonies on the theme of Thanksgiving the previous weekend, day, or weekend after Thanksgiving. At home, it is a holiday tradition in many families to start Thanksgiving dinner by saying grace (prayer before or after meals). The habit is depicted in the photo "Family Holding Hands and Praying Before Eating Thanksgiving". Before praying, it was a common practice at the dinner table for "everyone [to] say one specific reason they thanked God that year." While grace is said, many families hold hands until prayer ends, often indicated by "Amen".

Joy Fisher, a Baptist Christian writer, stated that "this holiday takes a spiritual emphasis and includes recognition of the source of blessing they enjoy throughout the year - a loving God." In the same vein, Hesham A. Hassaballa, an American Muslim scholar and physician, has written that Thanksgiving "is entirely consistent with Islamic principles" and that "some things are more Islamic than thanking God for His blessings." Likewise many Sikh Americans also celebrate the holidays with "thankful to the Almighty".

Parades

Since 1924, in New York City, Macy's Thanksgiving Parade is held every year every Thanksgiving Day from Upper West Side Manhattan to Macy's main store in Herald Square, and broadcast nationally by NBC. This parade features floating parades with special themes, scenes from Broadway plays, large cartoon cartoon characters, TV figures, and high school marching bands. The float that traditionally ends the Macy Parade is the Santa Claus buoy, which is an unofficial sign from the start of the Christmas season. It's called the biggest parade in the world.

The oldest Thanksgiving Day parade is the Philadelphia Thanksgiving Day Parade, which was launched in 1920 and takes place in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The old Philadelphia Parade was associated with Gimbels, Macy's leading rival, until it closed in 1986. His current sponsor is WPVI-TV, channel of ABC's affiliates in Philadelphia; and donkin Dunkin donut chain.

Founded in 1924, the same year as the Macy parade, the American Thanksgiving Parade in Detroit is one of the largest parades in the country. The march runs from Midtown to Downtown Detroit and precedes the annual Detroit Lions Thanksgiving football game. The marches include large balloons, marching bands, and various celebrity guests such as the Macy parade and are nationally broadcasted on various affiliate stations. The Detroit Mayor closed the march by giving Santa Claus the key to town.

There is a Thanksgiving parade in many other cities, including:

• Thanksgiving Day Parade of Ameren Missouri (St. Louis, Missouri)
• The American Hometown Thanksgiving Parade (Plymouth, Massachusetts)
• Belk Carolinas' Carrousel Parade (Charlotte, North Carolina)
• Celebrate the Parade Season (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)
• FirstLight Federal Credit Union Sun Bowl Parade (El Paso, Texas)
• H-E-B Holiday Parade (Houston, Texas)
• McDonald's Thanksgiving Parade (Chicago, Illinois)
• The Santa Claus Parade (Peoria, Illinois), the oldest country, dating to 1887 and held the day after Thanksgiving
• Parade de los Cerros Parade (Fountain Hills, Arizona) Thanksgiving Parade
• UBS Spectacular Parade (Stamford, Connecticut) - held Sunday before Thanksgiving so it does not directly compete with the Macy parade as far as 30 miles (48 km).

Most of these parades are broadcast on local stations, and some have small syndicated networks, usually regional; most also carrying a march through Internet television on TV station sites.

Several other marches had a loose relationship with Thanksgiving, thanks to the now-stopped CBS coverage, the All-American Thanksgiving Day Parade. The parades covered during this era are the Aloha Flower Parade held in Honolulu, Hawaii every September, the Santa Claus Toronto Parade in Toronto, Ontario, Canada and Aqua Opryland Parade (held from 1996 to 2001 by Gaylord Opryland Resort & Convention Center in Nashville); The Opryland parade was stopped and replaced by a parade recorded in Miami Beach, Florida in 2002. The Disneyland parade was also featured on CBS until Disney bought ABC rivals.

Over the years the Santa Claus Lane Parade (now the Hollywood Christmas Parade) in Los Angeles was held on Wednesday night before Thanksgiving. In 1978 it was transferred to Sunday after the holidays.

Sports

American football

American football is an important part of many Thanksgiving celebrations in the United States, a tradition that dates from the early era of sports in the late 19th century. Professional football games are often held on Thanksgiving Day; until recently, this is the only game played during the week apart from Sunday or Monday night. National Football League has played the game on Thanksgiving every year since its creation. The Detroit Lions has hosted games every Thanksgiving Day from 1934 to 1938 and again every year since 1945. In 1966, the Dallas Cowboys, which had been established six years earlier, adopted the practice of hosting the game of Thanksgiving. The league added its third game in prime time in 2006, which aired on the NFL Network, then moved to NBC in 2012. The third game has no website or team, providing an opportunity for all teams in the league to host future Thanksgiving matches.

For college football teams participating at the highest level (all teams in the Football Bowl Sub-section, as well as three teams at the historic Southwest Athletic Championship Athletic Conference in the Championship Subdivision), the regular season ends on Thanksgiving weekend, and the team's last match is often against rivals regional or historic, such as the Iron Bowl between Alabama and Auburn, the Civil War between Oregon and the State of Oregon, the Apple Cup between Washington and Washington State, and Michigan and Ohio State playing in their competition. Most of these college games are played on Fridays or Saturdays after Thanksgiving, but usually one or two lecture games are played on Thanksgiving itself. The lower divisions of the game, including all Divisions II and III, NAIA, club football and the rest of the Championship Subdivision (except the Ivy League, whose season ends before Thanksgiving). was in the middle of a playoff tournament over the Thanksgiving weekend.

Several high school soccer games (which include state championship games), and the informal "Turkish Bowl" contest played by amateur groups and organizations, are often held on Thanksgiving weekend. Football games that precede or follow food in the backyard or nearby field are also common during family meetings. Amateur games usually follow less organized backyard rules, two-handed touch or flag style football.

Other sports

College basketball held some elimination tournaments on Thanksgiving weekend, before the conference season. These include the Anaheim-based Legacy of Wood, the Orlando-based Advocacy Invite, and the Bahamas-based Battle 4 Atlantis, all broadcast on ESPN2 and ESPNU in marathon format. NITA NITT operated and operated by NIT Season Tip-Off also since moving to Thanksgiving week. This is a relatively new phenomenon, only started in 2006. The National Basketball Association also played on Thanksgiving, though at night, with a doubleheader airing Thanksgiving night at TNT, a practice that runs from 2009 to 2011; The Atlanta Hawks host the preliminary matches each year, while the Los Angeles Clippers host the final game in 2010 and 2011 (both NBA 2011 Thanksgiving matches canceled due to labor strife). The NBA does not schedule any Thanksgiving matches in 2012 or 2013, mainly because of the move from the NFL PrimeTime Thanksgiving game to NBC.

Although golf and racing are out of season on Thanksgiving, there are sports events taking place on Thanksgiving weekend. The Turkish Night Grand Prix is ​​an annual car race that takes place in various places in southern California on Thanksgiving night; due in part to the fact that this after the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series and Verizon IndyCar Series have completed their season, it allows several top racers in the United States to participate. In golf, Thanksgiving weekend is the traditional Leather Games from 1983 to 2008; The event was canceled in 2009 due to lack of sponsorship and difficulty in drawing star talents. The return is, at the time of cancellation, planned for next year, but no skin game has been included in the PGA Tour schedule since then.

The chunking contest of the world championship championship was held in early November in Delaware and aired every Thanksgiving on the Science Channel.

In ice hockey, the National Hockey League was announced, as part of a decade-long extension with NBC, that they will start broadcasting the game on Friday afternoon after Thanksgiving starts the 2011-12 NHL season; This game has been labeled as the Thanksgiving Showdown . (The Boston Bruins have been playing matinees on Black Friday since at least 1990, but 2011 is the first time this game has been broadcast nationally.) NHL has played games on Thanksgiving, usually scheduling games involving Canadian teams (but not always, 2016, when the league scheduled a nationally acceptable Thanksgiving nightgame on television between two American teams on the West Coast). In Canada, Thanksgiving is held in October, although no games are scheduled in 2011 and only one is scheduled for 2012 (both at Thanksgiving Showdown and Canadian Games on US Thanksgiving Day canceled as a result of labor disputes in 2012); as a result of an effective holiday, almost all league teams play the day after Thanksgiving.

Professional wrestling promotions usually host major pay-per-click events on or around Thanksgiving. This trend began in 1983 when Jim Crockett Promotions, the biggest promoter at the National Wrestling Alliance, introduced Starrcade. Starrcade, later incorporated into the World Championship Wrestling, moved from Thanksgiving in 1988; a year earlier, the rival World Wrestling Federation has introduced the Survivor Series', an event that continues to be held in November to this day. TNA Wrestling held a pay-per-view event, including TNA Genesis and TNA Turning Point, in November from 2005 to 2013.

The Turkey Trot is a street event held in various cities on Thanksgiving Day. Depending on the organization involved, this can range from a mile (1.6 km) pleasant walk to a full marathon (though no race currently uses the latter; Atlanta Marathon stops running on Thanksgiving beginning in 2010). Most Turkish trots range between three and ten miles (5-16 km).

Television

Although not as productive as Christmas specials, which usually start right after Thanksgiving, there are many special television programs transmitted on or around Thanksgiving, such as A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving , in addition to the live parade and the soccer games mentioned above. In some cases, television broadcasters began programming Christmas and special movies to run on Thanksgiving Day, taking the day as a signal for the start of the Christmas season.

Radio

"Alice's Restaurant", an 18-minute monologue by Arlo Guthrie that is based in part on the incident that occurred on Thanksgiving in 1965, was first released in 1967. Since then it has become a tradition in many classic rock and classic hit stations to play full recording, without interruption until much of the festive Thanksgiving Day, a tradition that appears to have come from radio counter-race host Bob Fass, who introduced the song to the public on his radio show. Another song traditionally played on a number of radio stations (in various formats) is "The Thanksgiving Song", a 1992 Adam Sandler song.

The leading radio host, Rush Limbaugh, has an annual tradition known as the Real Thanksgiving Story , where he gives his interpretation of the Thanksgiving story on his program the day before Thanksgiving. The public radio series Science Friday airs coverage of the Nobel Prize Igel ceremony on the day after Thanksgiving.

Football play-by-play and, at least in one case, parade coverage, also available on the radio.

Turkey forgives

Since 1947, the Turkish National Federation has presented the President of the United States with a live turkey and two dressed turkeys, in a ceremony known as the Thanksgiving National Turkey Presentation. John F. Kennedy was the first president to report to rescue the turkey given to him (he announced he was not planning to eat the bird), and Ronald Reagan was the first to give the presidential pardoning turkey, which he jokingly provided to him 1987 turkey (turkey will be spared and sent to the zoo).

There is a legend which states that the tradition of "forgiving" comes from the government of Harry Truman or even an anecdote Abraham Lincoln forgives his pet turkey (Christmas turkey); both stories have been cited in newer presidential speeches, but there is no evidence in the President's record. In recent years, two turkeys have been forgiven, if the original turkey becomes unavailable for a presidential pardon.

George H. W. Bush, who served as vice president under the Reagan administration, made turkeys pardon a permanent annual tradition after occupying the presidency in 1989, a tradition that has been run by every president every year since then. The forgotten turkeys usually end up on the outskirts of Northern Virginia, Washington, D.C. From 1989 to 2004 they were sent to a children's farm called "Frying Pan Farm Park" in Herndon, Virginia. From 2009 to 2013 they are sent to Mount Vernon plantation in George Washington near Alexandria, Virginia, and in 2014 they are sent to a plantation in Leesburg, Virginia formerly owned by former state governor and turkey farmer Westmoreland Davis. However, from 2005 to 2009 they were sent to Walt Disney World or Disneyland. Turkey rarely lives to see the next Thanksgiving because it is bred for large size.

Holidays and trips

On Thanksgiving Day, family and friends usually gather for a big meal or dinner. As a result, the Thanksgiving weekend getaway is one of the busiest travel periods of the year. Thanksgiving is a four-day or five-day weekend getaway for schools and colleges. Most business and government workers (78% in 2007) were given Thanksgiving and the day after tomorrow as paid days. Thanksgiving night, the night before Thanksgiving, is one of the busiest evenings throughout the year for bars and clubs (where often identified by the humiliating name of humiliation Wednesday), as many students and others return to their hometown to reunite with friends and family.

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Criticism and controversy

Just like Columbus Day, Thanksgiving is regarded by some as a "national day of mourning", as a celebration of cultural genocide and the conquest of native Americans by colonists. Thanksgiving has long brought a different resonance to Native Americans, who see the holidays as an adorned story of "Pilgrims and Natives looking past their differences" to break bread. Professor Dan Brook from the University of California, Berkeley condemned the American "amnesia of culture and politics" that celebrated Thanksgiving: "We need not feel guilty, but we need to feel something." Professor Robert Jensen of the University of Texas at Austin is somewhat tougher: "One indication of moral progress in the United States will be a substitute for Thanksgiving and a family feast that indulges in National Day of Redemption accompanied by self-reflection, collective fasting." Some controversy over Thanksgiving has been used to justify the creep of Christmas (the act of putting up Christmas decorations before Thanksgiving). Those who sympathize with this view recognize it as a minority view; writer and humanist John G. Rodwan, who does not celebrate Thanksgiving, notes "If you put forward an interpretation (...) that touches on the dishonorable treatment of indigenous peoples living in the United States, then you may be dismissed as a kind of crank (.) "

Since 1970, the United States Indian New England, a protest group led by Frank "Wamsutta" James has accused the United States and European settlers of composing the Thanksgiving story and eliminating genocide and injustice against Native Americans, and has led a National Day of Mourning Protest on Thanksgiving Day at Plymouth Rock in Plymouth, Massachusetts in the name of social equality and in honor of political prisoners.

On November 27, 1969, as an important example of anti-Thanksgiving sentiment, hundreds of supporters went to Alcatraz on Thanksgiving Day to celebrate the Alcatraz Occupation (which had begun a week earlier and lasted until 1971) by Native Americans of all tribes. The American Indian Movement and the Native American Church (peyote religion) both also have a negative view of Thanksgiving; AIM has used it as a platform for protests, especially when they took over the Mayflower that floated in the Thanksgiving Day parade. Some Native Americans held a celebration of "A Day Without Priesthood" in which they mourned the death of their ancestors, fast, danced, and prayed. This tradition has been going on since 1975.

The perception of Thanksgiving among Native Americans is not, however, universally negative. Tim Giago, founder of the Native American Journalists Organization, seeks to reconcile Thanksgiving with Native Americans. He compared Thanksgiving with "wopila", a thank-you celebration practiced by Native Americans from Great Plains. He writes in The Huffington Post: "The idea of ​​Thanksgiving has been part of the Native landscape of America for centuries.The fact that it is also a national holiday for all Americans combined perfectly with Native American Traditions. "He also shared the personal anecdotes of Native American families who came together to celebrate Thanksgiving. Oneida Indian Nation members line up in the Macy 2010 Thanksgiving Day Parade with a buoy called "The True Spirit of Thanksgiving" and have done it every year since then.

In the early part of the twentieth century, the American Association for the Advancement of Atheism (4A) opposed the Thanksgiving Day celebrations, offered an alternative warning called Blamegiving Day, which was in their eyes, "a protest against divine omission, to be observed each year on Day Thanksgiving, assuming, just for that day, that God exists. "Quoting their views on the separation of church and state, some atheists in recent times have particularly criticized the annual Thanksgiving annual recital of the President of the United States, since this statement often revolves around themes thank God.

The move by retailers to start holiday sales during Thanksgiving Day (as opposed to traditional day after) has been criticized as forcing (under the threat of being fired) lower-grade retail workers, who form an increasing share of national labor, to work odd hours and to deal with unusual and irregular people on the day provided for rest. In response to this controversy, Macy and Best Buy (both planning to open up on Thanksgiving, even earlier than the previous year) stated in 2014 that most of their Thanksgiving Day shifts were filled voluntarily by employees who preferred the day after Thanksgiving off instead of Thanksgiving alone. The blue laws in some Northeastern states prevent retailers in those countries from opening on Thanksgiving. Retailers like that usually open at midnight on the day after Thanksgiving to avoid the law as much as possible legally.

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Date

Since it was set on the fourth Thursday of November by law in 1941, a vacation in the United States can take place on any date from November 22 to 28. When it falls on November 22 or 23, it is not the last Thursday but the second last Thursday in November. Regardless, it was Thursday before the last Saturday of November.

Since Thanksgiving is a federal holiday, all US government offices are closed and all employees are paid for the day. It is also a holiday for the New York Stock Exchange and most of the financial markets and other financial services companies.

Date table (1942-2103)

The date of Thanksgiving follows a 28-year cycle, broken only by centuries that are not multiples of 400 (2100, 2200, 2300, 2500,...). Cycle breaks are the effect of a leap year algorithm, which dictates that such years are ordinary years as adjustments for seasonal calendar-harmonization given by leap years. Past and future festive dates include:

Day after Thanksgiving

The day after Thanksgiving is a holiday for some companies and most schools. In the last two decades of the 20th century, it became known as the Black Friday, the beginning of the Christmas shopping season and days of chaos, the morning sales at major retailers that closed on Thanksgiving day. The contrasting movement known as Buy Nothing Day came from Canada in 1992. The day after Thanksgiving is also a Day of Native American Heritage, a day to pay homage to Native Americans for their many contributions to the United States.

Source of the article : Wikipedia