Cyberbullying or cyberharassment is a form of bullying or harassment using electronic means. Cyberbullying and Cyberharassment are also known as online bullying . This has become increasingly common, especially among teenagers. Cyberbullying is when a person, usually a teenager, bully, or harasses others on social media sites. Cyberbullying allows bullies to easily and anonymously harass victims online. They do this by burning, harassing, exiting, exceptions, impersonation, and stalking. Malicious bullying behavior may include posting rumors, threats, sexual claims, victim personal information, or degrading labels (ie, hate speech). Repression or harassment can be identified with repetitive behaviors and intent to harm. The victim may have low self-esteem, increased suicidal ideation, and various emotional responses, including fear, frustration, anger, and depression.
Awareness in the United States has increased in 2010, in part due to high profile cases. Some US states and other countries have specific laws for cyberbullying. Some are designed to specifically target juvenile cyberbullying, while others use laws extended from the scope of physical abuse. In the case of adult cyberharassment, these reports are usually filed starting with the local police.
Research has shown a number of serious consequences of cyberbullying in cyberspace.
Internet trolling is a common form of bullying through the Internet in an online community (such as in online games or social media) to elicit a reaction, disruption, or personal entertainment. Cyberstalking is another form of bullying that uses electronic communication to stalk a victim; this may pose a credible threat to the victim.
Not all negative interactions online or in social media can be attributed to cyberbullying. Research shows that there are also online interactions that produce peer pressure, which can have a negative, positive, or neutral impact on those involved.
Video Cyberbullying
Definition
The most commonly used definition of cyberbullying is "deliberate aggressive action or behavior perpetrated by groups or individuals, using electronic forms of contact, repeatedly and over time against victims who can not easily defend themselves." There are many variations of definitions, such as the more specific definition of the National Crime Prevention Council: "the process of using the internet, mobile phones or other devices to send or transmit text or images intended to harm or embarrass others."
Cyberbullying is often similar to traditional oppression, with some important differences. Cyberbullying victims may not know their bully identity, or why the oppressor is targeting them. Harassment can have a widespread effect on victims, as content used to harass victims can be disseminated and shared easily among many people and often remains accessible long after the initial incident.
The terms "cyberharassment" and "cyberbullying" are sometimes used synonymously, although some people use the latter to refer specifically to harassment among minors or in school settings.
Cyberstalking
Cyberstalking is a form of online harassment in which the offender uses electronic communications to stalk the victim. This is considered more dangerous than other forms of cyberbullying as it generally involves a credible threat to the safety of the victim. Cyberstalkers may send repeated messages that are intended to be threatening or harassing. They can encourage others to do the same, either explicitly or by imitating their victims and asking others to contact them.
Trolling
Internet trolls deliberately try to provoke or offend others to get a reaction. Trolls and cyberbullies do not always have the same goal: while some trolls are involved in cyberbullying, others may engage in relatively harmless delinquency. A troll may be annoying either for their own entertainment or because they are really an aggressive person.
Maps Cyberbullying
The method used
Manuals for educating the public, teachers and parents summarize, "Cyberbullying is cruel to others by sending or posting malicious material using a mobile or internet." Research, legislation and education in the field are ongoing. Research has identified basic definitions and guidelines to help identify and address what is perceived as abuse of electronic communications.
- Cyberbullying involves repetitive behavior with the intention to harm.
- Cyberbullying is done through harassment, cyberstalking, contempt (sending or posting cruel rumors and lies to damage reputation and friendship), impersonation, and exclusion (intentionally and cruelly excludes someone from an online group)
Cyberbullying can be as simple as forwarding an email delivery or text message that harasses someone who says they no longer want to contact the sender. It may also include public acts such as repetitive threats, sexual claims, degrading labels (for example, hate speech) or false allegations that slander, offend victims by making people ridiculed in online forums, hacking or destroying sites about a person, and posting false statements as facts that aim to discredit or embarrass the targeted person. Cyberbullying can be restricted to posting rumors about someone on the internet with the intent of bringing hatred on the minds of others or convincing others to dislike or participate in online defamation of the target. It may arrive at the level of personally identifying crime victims and publishing material that slanders or embarrasses them.
Cyberbullies may disclose personal data of the victim (such as their real name, home address, or workplace/school) on websites or forums, or may use impersonation, create fake accounts, comments or sites masquerading as their targets for the purpose of publishing the material on behalf of those who slander, discredit or make fun of them. This can cause anonymity in cyberspace, which can make it difficult for them to be caught or punished for their behavior, although not all cyberbully retain their anonymity. Text messaging or instant messaging and emails between friends can also be cyberbullying if what it says is painful.
Recent hikes from smartphones and mobile apps have resulted in more accessible cyberbullying forms. It is thought that cyberbullying through this platform will occur more frequently than through a more stationary internet platform. In addition, the combination of cameras and Internet access and instant availability of this modern smartphone technology produces specific types of cyberbullying that are not found in other platforms. It is likely that those who experience cyberbullying via mobile devices will experience more types of cyberbullying than those exclusively suppressed elsewhere.
Some teenagers argue that some events categorized as cyberbullying are just dramas. Danah Boyd writes, "teenagers regularly use the word [drama] to describe various forms of interpersonal conflict ranging from insignificant jokes to relational aggression driven by serious jealousy, while adults may have labeled many of these practices as bullying, teenagers see them as dramas. "
Cyberbullying can occur on social media sites like Facebook, Myspace, and Twitter. "In 2008, 93% of young people aged between 12 and 17 were online, in fact, youth spend more time with the media than anything other than sleep." The last decade has witnessed a wave of cyberbullying, the suppression that takes place through the use of electronic communication technologies, such as e-mail, instant messaging, social media, online games, or via digital messages or images sent to mobile phones.
There are many risks attached to social media sites, and cyberbullying is one of the bigger risks. One million children were harassed, threatened or experienced other forms of cyberbullying on Facebook over the past year, while 90 percent of teenagers who use social media who have witnessed online cruelty say they have ignored cruel behavior in social media, and 35 percent have often done. 95 percent of teenagers who use social media who have witnessed cruel behavior on social networking sites say they have seen others ignore the average behavior, and 55 percent have often witnessed this.
According to a 2013 Pew Research study, eight out of ten teenagers using social media now share more information about themselves than ever before. This includes their location, images, and contact information. To protect children, it is important that personal information such as age, birthday, school/church, phone number, etc. Maintained confidentiality.
Two studies from 2014 found that 80% of the embarrassing body tweets were sent by women, while they also accounted for 50% of misogynistic tweets.
Cyberbullying can also occur through the use of websites belonging to specific groups to effectively request targeting of other individuals or groups. Examples are bullying scientists and climate activists.
In game
Of those reporting online harassment in Pew Research polls, 16% said the latest incidents occurred in online games. A study from National Sun Yat-sen University observed that children who enjoy violent video games are significantly more likely to experience and perform cyberbullying.
Another study that addresses the direct correlation between violent video game exposure and cyberbullying also takes into account personal factors such as "the duration of online game play, alcohol consumption in the past 3 months, drunk parents in the last 3 months, anger, hostility, ADHD, and a sense of belonging" as factors that contribute to cyberbullying.
Games are a more common place for abused men, whereas women abuse tends to occur through social media. Most respondents considered game culture equally friendly in both sexes, although 44% considered him favored by men. Keza MacDonald writes in The Guardian that sexism exists in game culture, but not the mainstream in it. In-game sexual abuse generally involves women-directed slurs, sex role stereotypes, and excessive language. US President Barack Obama refers to the harassment of female gamers during his speech in honor of the Women's History Month.
Competitive game scenes are less liked by women than the wider game culture. In a streaming-internet battle game competition, one female gamer loses the game after his team coach, Aris Bakhtanians, stated, "Sexual harassment is part of the culture.If you remove it from the fighting game community, it is not a fighting game community." by gamers, with comments to support sexual harassment "drowned by the vocal majority of people who express anger, disappointment and sympathy." This incident builds momentum to act to counter sexual harassment in the game.
Some game developers have been subjected to harassment and death threats by players annoyed by game changes or by developers' online policies. Harassment also occurs in reaction to critics such as Jack Thompson or Anita Sarkeesian, whom some fans consider a threat to the media. Various people have been harassed in connection with the Gamergate controversy. Game-related harassment does not have a very different degree of severity or tenor than online harassment motivated by other subcultures or advocacy issues.
Sabotage between competing crowdfunding campaigns is a recurring problem for gaming-related projects.
Some examples of swatting in games like Call of Duty and League of Legends have resulted in SWAT enforcement units calling individual homes as a joke. On December 28, 2017, Wichita, Kansas police officers killed Andrew Finch at his Kansas home in a reported joke.
In the search engine
The cascade information occurs when the user begins to convey the information they deem to be true, but can not know for sure, based on information about what other users are doing. This can be accelerated by search engine ranking technology and their propensity to return results that are relevant to the interests of previous users. This type of information dissemination is difficult to stop. Information flowing on social media and the internet may also be harmless, and may contain correct information.
Bully using Google bombs (terms that apply to any search engine) to improve the superiority of favorite posts sorted by the most popular searches, by linking them to as many of the other webpages as possible. Examples include the campaign for "santorum" neologism organized by the LGBT lobby. Google bombs can manipulate Internet search engines regardless of how authentic the page is, but there are ways to counter this type of manipulation as well.
Law enforcement
The majority of countries have laws that explicitly include electronic communications in the law of reconnaissance or harassment. Most law enforcement agencies have cyber crime units, and stalking the Internet is often treated more seriously than physical stalking reports. Help and resources can be searched by a state or territory.
School
School security is becoming a focus of state legislative action. There has been an increase in the law enforced cyberbullying between 2006 and 2010. Initiative and curriculum requirements are also available in the UK (Thested eSafety guide) and Australia (Overarching Learning Outcome 13).
In 2012, a group of teens in the New Haven design class, Connecticut developed an application to help combat bullying, "Back Off Bully" (BOB). This is an anonymous source for computers, smartphones or iPads. When someone witnesses or becomes a victim of bullying, they can immediately report the incident. This app asks questions about the time, location, and how bullying occurs, and provides positive action and empowerment related to the incident. The information reported goes to the database, where it can be learned by the administrator. Common threads are visible so that others can intervene and break the bully pattern. "Back Off Bully" is being considered as a standard operating procedure in schools across Connecticut, while a recent study conducted among 66 high school teachers has concluded that prevention programs have proven ineffective to date.
Protection
There are laws that only deal with child abuse online or focus on child predators, as well as laws that protect adult cyberstalking victims, or victims of all ages. Currently, there are 45 cyberstalking (and related) laws on books. Although some sites specialize in laws protecting victims aged 18 and under, Working to Stop Online Abuse is a relief resource that lists federal and state laws related to current and pending cyberstalking. It also lists countries that do not yet have laws, and related laws from other countries. The Global Cyber ​​Law Database (GCLD) aims to be the most comprehensive and authoritative source of cyber law for all countries. Some countries such as Florida, California, and Missouri have developed state legislation against cyberbullying. California has a Safe Place to Learn to Act and also has a law that states "the use of electronic devices to make a person afraid of their lives" can be accused of a minor crime punishable up to one year in prison. In Florida, "Jeffrey Johnson's Stand Up for All Students Act" prohibits all forms of bullying and talks about cyberbullying. In Missouri, anyone who violently threatens a person on social media can be punished with Class A crime, but if the victim is seventeen years or younger, they can be punished with Class D crimes.
Age
Children report negative online behavior that occurs from the second grade. According to research, boys start negative online activity earlier than girls. However, by high school, girls are more likely to be involved in cyberbullying than boys. Whether the bully is male or female, the goal is to deliberately humiliate, harass, intimidate, or create an online threat.
Studies on the psycho-social effects of cyberspace have begun to monitor the impact of cyberbullying on victims. The consequences of cyberbullying are multi-faceted, and affect online and offline behavior. Research in adolescents reports that changes in the behavior of victims due to cyberbullying are potentially positive. Victims "create cognitive patterns of intruders, which consequently help them recognize aggressive people."
However, the abstract Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace reported an important impact on almost all respondents, taking the form of low self-esteem, loneliness, disappointment, and mistrust. More extreme effects include self-harm. Children kill each other and commit suicide after cyberbullying incidents. Several cases of digital self-destruction have been reported, in which an individual is involved in cyberbullying against himself, or intentionally and deliberately exposing themselves to cyberbullying.
Adult
Cyberstalking may be an extension of physical stalking, and may have criminal consequences. Understanding the targets on why cyberstalking is happening is helpful for improving and taking protective action. Among the factors that motivate stalkers are jealousy, objective obsessions (professional or sexual), unemployment or failure with work or life itself, or the desire to intimidate and cause others to feel inferior. The stalker may be delusional and believe he/she "knows" the target. Stalkers want to instill fear in someone to justify their status, or perhaps believe they can get away with this action (anonymity).
US federal cyberstalking law is designed to prosecute people for using electronic means to repeatedly harass or threaten someone online. There are resources dedicated to helping adult victims handle cyberbullies legally and effectively. One of the recommended steps is to record everything and contact the police.
Research
Australia
The Australian National Surveillance Prevalence Survey (Cross et al., 2009) assessed cyberbullying experiences among 7,418 students. The rate of cyberbullying increases with age, with 4.9% of students in grade 4 reporting cyberbullying compared with 7.9% in year nine. Cross et al., (2009) reported that the level of bullying and harassment of others is lower, but also increases with age. Only 1.2% of Grade 4 students reported other cyberbullying compared with 5.6% of Year 9 students.
China
In mainland China, cyber repression has not received sufficient scientific attention. A study that investigated cyberbullying risk factors in a sample of 1438 high school students from central China. Data show that 34.84% have participated in bullying and 56.88% have been interrupted online.
A study of cyberbullying in Hong Kong selected 48 out of 7654 students from elementary to high school classified as potential attackers associated with cyberbullying. 31 of 48 students stated that they rarely participated in cyber attacks. It is common among high school students (28 out of 36 students) to participate in social media platforms. 58% admitted to changing nicknames for others, 56.3% for humiliation, 54.2% for mocking someone, and 54.2% for spreading rumors. The Hong Kong Federation Youth Group interviewed 1820 adolescents, 17.5% of whom showed cyberbullying. This includes contempt, harassment, and private photo publication on social media without permission.
European Union
In a study published in 2011, in the 25 EU Member States studied, an average of 6% of children (9-16 years) have been harassed and only 3% of them claim to have been a bully. However, in previous publications by Hasenbrink et al. (2009), reporting the results of meta-analysis from EU countries, the authors estimate (via median results) that about 18% of young Europeans have been "bullied/harassed/stalked" over the internet and cell phones. The cyberharassment rate for young people across EU member states ranges from 10% to 52%.
Finnish
Sourander et al. (2010) conducted a population-based cross-sectional study that took place in Finland. The authors of this study took self-report of 2215 Finish teenagers between the ages of 13 and 16 about cyberbullying and cybervictimization for the previous six months. It was found that, among the total sample, 4.8% were victims only, 7.4% were cyberbullies only, and 5.4% were cyberbully victims.
The authors of this study were able to conclude that cyberbullying and cybervictimization were not only related to psychiatric problems, but psychosomatic problems. Many teens in the study report headaches or difficulty falling asleep. The authors believe that their results indicate a greater need for new ideas about how to prevent cyberbullying and what to do when it happens. This is definitely a world problem that needs to be taken seriously.
ireland
Health Behavior in School Pilot School (HBSC) pilots was conducted in eight post-primary schools across Ireland, including 318 students aged 15-18. 59% were male and 41% were female. Participation in this survey is voluntary for students, and approval must be obtained from parents, students and the school itself. This survey is anonymous and confidential, and takes 40 minutes to complete. He asks questions about traditional forms of intimidation and cyberbullying, risky behavior and health and self-reported life satisfaction.
66% of the students said they were never harassed. 14% have been victims of traditional forms of intimidation. 10% have fallen victim to cyberbullying, and the remaining 10% have been victims of traditional forms of intimidation and cyberbullying. Most boys say they are victims of traditional forms of intimidation, and most girls are victims of traditional forms of intimidation and cyberbullying. 20% of students in the survey said they had suffered cyberbullying, suggesting that cyberbullying is on the rise.
Arrow DIT claims that 23 percent of children aged 9-16 in Ireland have been bullied online or offline, compared with 19 percent in Europe. Although online repression in Ireland reaches 4% according to Arrow DIT, this is lower than the European average of 6%, and half of Britain where 8% reported cyberbullied. Traditional forms of intimidation in Ireland are more common than in Europe.
Japanese
According to a recent study, in Japan, 17 percent (compared with the 25-nation average of 37 percent) of youth between the ages of 8 and 17 have been the victims of online bullying. Figures indicate that online repression is a serious problem in Japan. Teens who spend more than 10 hours a week on the Internet are more likely to be the target of online bullying. Only 28 percent of survey participants understood what cyberbullying was. However, they know the extent of the problem; 63 percent of the students surveyed were concerned about being targeted by cyberbullying.
Since teenagers found themselves socially gathered on the internet through social media, they became an easy target for cyberbullying. Cyberbullying can occur via email, text, chat rooms, and social media websites. Some cyberbullies create websites or blogs to post target images, publish their personal information, gossip about targets, reveal why they hate targets, ask people to approve annoying views, and send links to targets to ensure they watch the activity.
Many cyberbullying is a relational act of aggression, which involves alienating victims from peers through gossip or exile. Such attacks can be easily launched via SMS or other online activities. A 19-year-old Japanese student was targeted by her classmates who posted her photo online, insulted her constantly, and asked her to die. Due to his constant harassment, he tried to commit suicide twice. Even when he quit school, the attack did not stop.
Cyberbullying can cause serious psychological impact on the victims. They often feel anxious, nervous, tired, and depressed. Other examples of negative psychological trauma include loss of confidence as a result of being socially isolated from their schoolmates or friends. Psychological problems can also arise in the form of headaches, skin problems, stomach ache, sleep problems, bed wetting, and crying. It can also cause the victims to commit suicide to end the intimidation.
United States
2000
A survey by the Crime Research Center for Childhood at the University of New Hampshire in 2000 found that 6% of young people in the survey had experienced some form of harassment, including threats and negative rumors, and 2% experienced troublesome harassment.
2004
The 2004 I-Safe.org survey of 1,500 students between grades 4 and 8 found:
- 42% of children have been interrupted online. One in four people experience it more than once.
- 35% have been threatened online. Nearly one out of five people experience it more than once.
- 21% have received any meaningful or threatening email or other messages.
- 58% admitted that someone has said things that hurt to them online. More than four out of ten say this has happened more than once.
- 58% do not tell parents or adults about something painful that has happened to them online.
2005
The Teenage Internet Security Survey-2, conducted by the Crime Research Center for Children at the University of New Hampshire in 2005, found that 9% of young people in the survey had experienced some form of abuse. The survey was a nationally representative telephone survey of 1,500 youth aged 10-17. One-third reported feeling depressed by the incident, with more difficulty for younger respondents and those who were victims of aggressive abuse (including being contacted, sending gifts, or being visited at home by harassers). Compared to youth who are not harassed online, victims are more likely to have social problems. On the other hand, youth who harass others are more likely to have problems with breaking rules and aggression.
Hinduja and Patchin completed a study in the summer of 2005 of about 1,500 teenagers using the internet and found that more than a third of young people reported online casualties, and more than 16% of respondents admitted cyberbullying to others. While most cases of cyberbullying involve relatively small behaviors (41% unappreciated, 19% called names), more than 12% are physically threatened and about 5% fear for their safety. In particular, less than 15% of victims told adults about the incident. Additional research by Hinduja and Patchin in 2007 found that teenagers who reported being victims of cyberbullying also experienced stress or tension associated with offline behavioral issues such as running away from home, having an affair in exams, skipping school, or using alcohol or marijuana. The authors acknowledge that these two studies only provide preliminary information about the nature and consequences of online bullying, due to the methodological challenges associated with online surveys.
According to a 2005 survey by the Children's National House charity and Tesco Mobile, of 770 teens aged between 11 and 19 years, 20% of respondents revealed that they had been bullied through electronic means. Nearly three quarters (73%) stated that they knew the bully, while 26% stated that the offender was a stranger. 10% of respondents stated that other people have taken pictures and/or videos from them via mobile phone cameras, thus making them feel uncomfortable, embarrassed, or threatened. Many young people are uncomfortable informing authority figures about victims of their cyber repression for fear that their access to technology will be taken away from them; while 24% and 14% told their parents or teachers, 28% did not tell anyone, and 41% told a friend.
2006
According to the 2006 Cyberbullying Interactive Harris Research Report, commissioned by the National Crime Prevention Council, cyberbullying is a problem that affects almost half of all American teenagers.
2007
A study published in 2007 in the Journal of Adolescent Health indicates that young people report being victims of electronic aggression in the range of 9% to 35%.
In 2007, Debbie Heimowitz, a Stanford University master student, created Adina's Deck , a film based on Stanford's accredited research. He worked in a focus group for ten weeks in three schools to learn about cyberbullying problems in northern California. The findings found that over 60% of students experience cyberbullying and become victims of cyberbullying. The film is now used in national classrooms as it is designed around learning objectives related to issues that students have understood the topic. Middle school Megan Meier reportedly used the film as a solution to the crisis in their city.
2008
In 2008, researchers Sameer Hinduja (Florida Atlantic University) and Justin Patchin (University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire) published a book about cyberbullying that summarizes the current state of cyberbullying ( Bullying Beyond the Schoolyard: Preventing and Responding to Cyberbullying ). Their research documented that the incidence of cyberbullying had increased over the previous few years. They also reported findings from a recent cyberbullying study. In a random sample of about 2,000 high school students from major school districts in the southern United States, about 10% of respondents reported cyberbullied within the previous 30 days while more than 17% reported experiencing cyberbullied at least once in their lives. While this figure is slightly lower than some findings from previous studies, Hinduja and Patchin indicate that previous studies were mostly conducted among teenagers and older Internet samples. That is, older youths use the internet more often and are more likely to experience cybe-bullying than younger children.
2011
According to the 2011 National Crime Victims Survey, conducted by the US Department of Justice, Justice Bureau of Statistics, Additional School Crimes (SCS), 9% of 12-18 year students claimed to have had cyberbullying during the school year (with a coefficient of variation between 30% and 50%).
2013
In the 2013 Youth Risk Behavior Survey, the Center for Supervision, Epidemiology and Laboratory Services of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention published survey results as part of the Risk Behavior Control System (YRBSS) in June 2014, showing the percentage of school children being bullied by e-mail , chat room, instant messaging, website or SMS ("electronically suppressed") during 2013.
2014
In 2014, Mehari, Farrell, and Le published a study focusing on literature on cyberbullying among teenagers. They found that researchers generally assume that cyberbullying differs from personal aggression. Mehari et al. suggests that media through which aggression may be best conceptualized as a classification of new aggression, rather than considering cyberbullying as different partners for existing forms of aggression. They suggest that future research on cyberbullying should be considered in the context of empirical and theoretical knowledge of aggression in adolescence.
Mary Howlett-Brandon's doctoral dissertation analyzes the National Crime Survivors Survey: Student Crime Supplement, 2009, to focus on cyberbullying in cyberspace Black and White students under certain conditions.
2015
WalletHub's 2015's Best & amp; The Worst Country in Controlling Bullying reports measuring the relative level of bullying in 42 states. According to the report, North Dakota, Illinois, Louisiana, Rhode Island, and Washington D.C. most attempted suicide by high school students. The five states with the highest percentage of students being bullied on campus are Missouri, Michigan, Idaho, North Dakota, and Montana.
Cyberbullying in social media is usually student-to-student, but recently, students have been suppressing the maya teacher. High school students in Colorado create Twitter sites that bully teachers. This ranges from dirty words to false accusations of inappropriate behavior with students.
Research done to try and determine differences in cyber bullying patterns comparing males to females and their respective ages is relatively inconclusive. There are several factors that tend to men who are more involved in cyber bullying behavior because men tend to have more aggressive behaviors than women. This is not proven but is speculated based on a literature review of research showing that significant data are self-reported. Relatively, article reviews indicate that age differences have multiple cyber bullying indicators; increased age suggests increased bullying behavior. Gender differences have mixed results but one finding suggests that younger women (10 or 11) and older men (13) tend to be involved in cyber bullying behavior.
Legislation
United States
Laws aimed at punishing cyberbullying have been introduced in a number of US states including New York, Missouri, Rhode Island and Maryland. At least 45 countries have passed laws against digital harassment. Dardenne Prairie of Springfield, Missouri, issued a city law that makes online harassment a minor offense. St. Charles, Missouri passed a similar rule. Missouri is one of the states where lawmakers are pursuing state law, with the task force thought to have a cyberbullying law being drafted and implemented. In June 2008, Rep. Linda Sanchez (D-Calif.) And Rep. Kenny Hulshof (R-Mo.) Propose federal laws that will criminalize cyberbullying actions.
MPs are trying to overcome cyberbullying with new laws because there is currently no special law on the books that handle it. A fairly recent federal cyberstalking law might address such acts, according to Parry Aftab, but no one has been charged under them yet. The proposed federal law would make it illegal to use electronic means to "force, intimidate, harass or otherwise cause substantial emotional distress."
In August 2008, the California state legislature passed one of the country's first laws to deal directly with cyberbullying. Assembly Bill 86 2008 gives school administrators the authority to discipline students for bullying, offline or online. This law comes into force on 1 January 2009.
A law in Albany County New York that criminalizes cyberbullying has been thwarted as unconstitutional by the New York Appellate Court at People v. Marquan M.
The most recent decision first seen in the United Kingdom stipulates that it is possible for an Internet service provider (ISP) to be responsible for the content of its hosted site, setting a precedent that each ISP should treat the complaint notification seriously and immediately investigate.
18 US $ 875 (c) criminalizes the creation of threats over the Internet.
While some countries have laws that require schools to mediate cyberbullying conflicts, some countries have been prosecuted on the basis of the First Amendment to do so. By examining the decision of three such claims heard in the lower courts, Alvin J. Primack and Kevin A. Johnson argue that the current First Amendment doctrine, in particular the case of Morse v. Frederick (2007), can offer interpretive resources to justify administrative reach for multiple online digital speeches. They conclude, "[w] with clearer standards, school administrators tend to feel constrained and wrong in terms of inaction."
European Union
Since the 1990s, the United Kingdom and other European countries have worked to resolve bullying in the workplace because there is no law governing cyberbullying. The pervasive nature of technology has made online bullying easier. A 24-hour internet connection gives bullies an opportunity that never existed to find and bully victims. Employers in the EU have more legal liability to their employees than those in other countries. Because employers do not have the ability to dismiss or hire an employee who would love in the United States, employers in Europe are held to a high standard of how their employees are treated.
In 2007, the EU developed the Framework Agreement on Abuse and Violence in the Workplace, a law that prevents bullying from occurring in the workplace and demands the employer's responsibility to provide fair working conditions. The law defines the responsibilities of employers such as protecting their employees from harassment in the workplace and the psychological pain faced by victims of bullying during working hours. Lawyers who pursue cases of cyberbullying use the Law on Victims in the Working Law, as there is no law specifically condemning cyberbullying.
In 1993, Sweden was the first EU country to have a law against cyberbullying. The Workplace Injury Law protects victims from "repeated or negative directed actions directed at individual employees in an offensive manner and may result in the employee being placed outside the workplace community".
In 2002, France passed the Social Modernization Act, which added consequences to the French Labor Code for cyberbullying such as demanding employer liability for their involvement in harassment. This law defines "moral harassment" as "repeated acts that lead to worsening working conditions and which may harm the dignity, physical or psychological health of the victim or his professional career."
The UK has no anti-bullying laws. However, he has Protection From Harassment, an anti-stalking law. US courts have used this law in cases of repression.
The United States and some other countries have broader laws about cyberbullying than the EU. The incidence of cyberbullying in social media is widespread and has increased drastically. However, the process of obtaining claims against oppressors is not an easy task because the victim needs to provide sufficient evidence to prove the existence of bullying.
By mid 2015, countries in the EU like Britain are in the process of making laws that are specifically related to cyberbullying. Because the process takes time, the government supports school programs to promote internet security with the help of teachers and parents. This will allow the government to take the time it takes to create a law of cyberbullying while helping to protect students from cyberbullying as much as possible.
Research on prevention laws
The researchers suggest that the program be implemented for the prevention of cyberbullying. These programs will be incorporated into the school curriculum and will include security and online instructions on how to use the Internet properly. It can teach the victims the right method to avoid cyberbully, such as blocking messages or increasing their computer security.
Even in a perfect world, no crime can be stopped completely. That is why it is suggested that in this prevention method, effective coping strategies should be introduced and adopted. Like other crimes, people learn to overcome what has happened. People can adopt coping strategies to combat cyberbullying of the future. Coping strategies may include social support groups consisting of cyberbullying victims, who can allow students to share their stories, and eliminate feelings alone.
Teachers should be involved in all models of preventive education, since they are essentially "police" classes. Most cyberbullying is often not reported because the victim feels nothing can be done to help in their current situation. However, if given the right tools with preventive measures and more power in the classroom, teachers can help. If parents, teachers, and victims can work together, solutions can be found.
There are many legislative efforts to facilitate the control of bullying and cyberbullying. Some of the existing legislation is mistakenly linked to bullying and cyberbullying (including terms such as "libel" and "libel"). The problem is that the existing law does not directly apply to bullying, or defines it as its own criminal behavior. Anti-cyberbullying supporters have even expressed concern about the vast scope of some of the bills that it seeks to pass.
In the United States, efforts have been made to pass laws against cyberbullying. Some countries seek to sanction a wide range of measures in an effort to ban cyberbullying. Problems include how to define cyberbullying and cyberstalking, and, if costs are suppressed, does this violate the intruder's speech freedom. B. Walther says that "Illinois is the only state that criminalizes 'electronic communications sent for the purpose of harassing others' when the activity takes place outside of a public school setting." This was criticized for violation of freedom of speech.
'Cyberbullying' is the use of technology to bully someone, or threaten an individual online. Cyberbullying has become more common today because of all the technologies that can be accessed by children. The most common applications teens use for cyberbully are Instagram, Twitter, and Snapchat. Cyberbullying becomes more difficult to stop because parents and teachers do not know when and where it happens. Online suppression has become a bigger problem and 33% of all teenagers have been victims of cyberbullying. Teenagers will say bad things to each other online and what they do not realize is that once told and published online, it will not go away. The house used to be a safe place for teens but now a child is still within reach of being a victim of cyberbullying - whether it's through YouTube, Ask.fm, or text messages. A
Preventing children from being cyber-oppressors is difficult, but now they are working to form laws to help stop problems from getting worse than they already are. They have made movies like 'Cyberbully' by Charles Biname and 'The Duff' by Ari Sandel for teens to watch and see how cyberbullying can affect a person. Parents can become more involved in the lives of their children when it comes to social media to help prevent their children from being bullied. Children who are victims of this problem feel they can not go to adults for help because they may feel ashamed of the situation. The online repression will not only hurt the teenager emotionally but there is also the risk that the child is hurting themselves physically as well. Suicide has been the leading cause of third deaths among people from 10 to 24 years and online bullying takes a big part in that.
Being able to say whether a child hurt from this problem can be difficult, but there are certain things a child does that should give a red flag that they are being bullied. Like if they post a video or picture on Instagram with a comment like "Am I ugly? Someone tells me but is that true?" or "Am I funny?". A cyberbully might say harsh words to the child and the victim may seek praise. If the victim is always wondering when the intruder will attack next, it can also be a sign. Being an active parent in the lives of their children will make a difference on whether your child is experiencing online bullying or not. Also bringing the police involved in the case will be a problem solver as well.
Malicious effects
Research has shown a number of serious consequences of cyberbullying in cyberspace. The victim may have low self-esteem, increased suicidal ideation, and various emotional responses, including fear, frustration, anger, and depression. Cyberbullying may be more dangerous than traditional oppression, because no one escapes. One of the most damaging effects is that victims begin to avoid friends and activities, which are often the intentions of the bully.
Campaigns of cyberbullying are sometimes so damaging that suicide victims. There are at least four examples in the United States where cyberbullying has been linked to a teenager's suicide. Megan Meier's suicide is the latest example that leads to adult perpetrators' belief in attacks. Holly Grogan committed suicide by jumping from a 30 foot bridge near Gloucester in England. It was reported that some of his schoolmates had posted a number of hate messages on his Facebook page.
According to Lucie Russell, campaign director, policy and participation in the young mental health foundation Young Minds, young people suffering from mental disorders are vulnerable to cyberbullying because sometimes they can not ignore it:
When someone says bad things, a healthy person can filter them out, they can block between it and their self-esteem. But an unhealthy person mentally lacks the strength and dignity to do that, to separate it, and therefore it is compiled with the other. For them, it becomes absolute truth - no filter, no blocks. That person will take it, think of it as fact.
Social media has allowed bullies to decide from the impact they might have on others.
Intimidation, emotional damage, and suicide
According to the Cyberbullying Research Center, "there are some high profile cases involving teenagers who take their own life in part because of being harassed and improperly treated on the Internet, a phenomenon we call cyberbullicide - suicide indirectly or directly influenced by experience with online aggression. "
Cyberbullying is an intense form of psychological abuse, whose victims are twice as likely to suffer from mental disorders as compared to traditional bullying.
The reluctance of adolescents in telling authority figures about cyberbullying events has led to fatal outcomes. At least three children between the ages of 12 and 13 have committed suicide due to depression caused by cyberbullying, according to a report by USA Today and Baltimore Examiner . These include the suicide of Ryan Halligan and the suicide of Megan Meier, the latter of which led to United States v. Lori Drew . Teen suicide cases associated with cyberbullying have recently become more common. Rebecca Ann Sedwick commits suicide after being terrorized via a mobile app such as Ask.fm, Kik Messenger and Voxer.
In teens and teenagers
The effects of cyberbullying vary, but the study illustrates that cyberbullying adversely affects adolescents to a higher level than adolescents and adults. Young people are more likely to suffer because they are still growing mentally and physically. Jennifer N. Caudle, a certified family doctor, said, "Oppressed children may experience anxiety, depression, loneliness, unhappiness and poor sleep."
Most of the time cyberbullying is unknown; young people hide their intimidation from anyone who can help prevent bullying and from getting worse. Between 20% and 40% of adolescents are victims of cyberbullying around the world. Youth slowly change their behavior and actions so that they become more attractive and calm, but this may not be known because the changes are subtle. Metin Deniz believes cyberbullying will "become a serious problem in the future with the increased use of internet and mobile phones among young people".
If precautions are not taken against cyberbullying, younger children in addition to adolescents will feel more lonely and depressed along with significant changes in their sleeping and sleeping patterns and loss of interest in their normal activities. These changes will affect their growth and development into adulthood. Younger children and adolescents are 76.2% less likely to exhibit suicidal behavior and thoughts, but still at risk depend on other factors such as mental health status, home care, and relationships. The risk of suicide increases by 35% to 45% when the victim has no support from anyone in their life, and cyberbullying improves the situation.
Young people seem particularly vulnerable to the impact of cyberbullying through anonymous social media, perhaps because teenagers are interested in this platform as a means of seeking validation from their peers. Abuse on this platform, such as ASKfm, Yak Yik and Sarahah, can be greatly felt by young people, leading to the problem of losing confidence. There are a number of suicide cases associated with bullying on this platform in the US and UK.
Awareness
Campaign
International
The Cybersmile Foundation is a cyberbullying charity committed to dealing with all forms of online repression, harassment, and hate campaigns. It was established in 2010 in response to an increasing number of cyberbullying-related incidents of oppression, eating disorders, social isolation, self-harm and suicide that destroy lives all over the world. Cybersmile provides support to victims and their friends and family through social media interaction, email support and helpline. They also run an annual event, Stop Cyberbullying Day, to draw attention to this issue.
Spanish
Many nonprofits are fighting cyberbullying and cyberstalking. They advise victims, provide awareness campaigns, and report violations to the police. These NGOs include Protà © Ã… © geles , PantallasAmigas , Alia2 Foundation , non-profit initiatives ActÃÆ'ºa Contra el Ciberacoso , National Institute of Communication Technology (INTECO), Internet Quality Agency, Agencia EspaÃÆ'  ± ola de ProtecciÃÆ'³n de Datos , Oficina de Seguridad del Internauta , Spanish Internet User associations, Internauts Associations, and the Spanish Internaut Parents and Parents Association. The governments of Castile and LeÃÆ'³n have also created a Plan de PrevenciÃÆ'³n del Ciberacoso y PromociÃÆ'³n de la NavegaciÃÆ'³n Segura en Centro Escolares , and the Canary Islands government has created a portal on the phenomenon called Viveinternet .
United States
In March 2007, the Ad Council in the United States, in partnership with the National Crime Prevention Council, US Department of Justice, and the American Crime Prevention Coalition, joined forces to announce the launch of a new public service advertising campaign designed to educate preteen and teenage children about how they can play a role in ending cyberbullying.
In 2008, the 2008 edition of the Child Scout Children's Edition of The Boy Scout Handbook discusses how to handle online bullying. New Classroom Ranking requirements add: "Describe three things you should avoid regarding Internet usage. Explain cyberbully and how you should respond to one."
In 2008, KTTV Fox 11 News in Los Angeles released a report on organized cyberbullying on sites like Stickam by people who call themselves "/b/rothas". The site released a report on July 26, 2007, on a subject partially featuring cyberbullying, titled "Hacker on Steroid".
On June 2, 2008, parents, teenagers, teachers, and Internet executives gathered at the International Cyberbullying Stop Termination Conference, two days gathered in White Plains, New York and New York City. Executives from Facebook, Verizon, MySpace, Microsoft, and many others talked with hundreds of how to better protect themselves and their personal, children, and business reputation from online harassment. Conference sponsors include McAfee, AOL, Disney, Procter & amp; Gamble, American Girl Scout Girl, WiredTrust, Childrens Safety Research and Innovation Center, and KidZui.com. Cyberharassment versus cyberbullying is a leading topic, in which age makes a difference; rude internet behavior by adults with repeatedly clear intent to harm, ridicule or damage to a person or business is classified as stalking abuse, versus intimidation by teenagers and young adults.
The organized movement for illegal piano revenge begins in August 2012: End Revenge Porn. Currently porn revenge is only illegal in two countries, but the demand for criminalization is increasing as digital technology has increased in recent generations. The organization seeks to provide support to victims, educate the public, and gain activist support to bring new laws in the presence of the United States Government.
In 2006, PACER.org created a week-long event held once a year in October. Today, the campaign is a full month event and is now known as the Month of Awareness of National Bullying Prevention.
Canada
Originating in Canada, Anti-Bullying Day is a day of celebration for those who choose to participate wearing color symbols (pink, blue or purple) as an attitude against bullying. A British Columbia teacher founded the Stop A Bully movement, which uses a pink bracelet to represent a user's attitude to stop bullying.
Pink Shirt Day was inspired by David Shepherd and Travis Price. Their high school friends organized a sympathy protest for a ninth grader who was bullied for wearing a pink shirt. Their attitude of wearing pink has been a great inspiration in Great Vancouver Mainland. "We know that the victims of bullying, witness bullying and bullies themselves are all experiencing very real and long-term negative bullying regardless of their shape - physical, verbal, written or on-line".
ERASE (Expecting Respect and Education Safe) is an initiative initiated by the province of British Columbia to help schools safely and prevent bullying. It builds upon an already effective program established by the provincial government to ensure consistent policies and practices on bullying prevention.
Community support
A number of organizations are in the coalition to provide awareness, protection, and assistance for this increasing problem. Some aim to inform and provide measures to effectively avoid and stop cyberbullying and cyber- harassment. Anti-bullying Act Acting Against Suppression launched CyberKind campaign in August 2009 to promote positive internet usage.
In 2007, YouTube introduced the first Anti-Bullying Channel for Youth (BeatBullying), using the help of celebrities to address the issue.
In March 2010, a 17-year-old girl named Alexis Skye Pilkington was found dead in her room by her parents. His parents claim that after repeated cyberbullying, he is encouraged to commit suicide. Shortly after his death, the attack continued. EBaums World members began creating teenage warning pages on Facebook, with comments including a happy expression of death, with photos of what appeared to be bananas as their profile pictures. Family and friends of a deceased teenager responded by creating Facebook groups criticizing cyberbullying and trolling, with a banana logo behind a red circle with diagonal lines through it.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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