Albert Ellis (27 September 1913 - July 24, 2007) was an American psychologist who in 1955 developed Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT). He holds an MA and PhD in clinical psychology from Columbia University and the American Board of Professional Psychology (ABPP). He also founded and is President of the Albert Ellis Institute based in New York City for decades. He is generally regarded as one of the originators of a change of cognitive cognitive paradigm in psychotherapy and one of the founders of cognitive-behavioral therapy.
Based on a professional survey in 1982 from US and Canadian psychologists, he was considered the second most influential psychotherapist in history (Carl Rogers was ranked first in the survey; Sigmund Freud was ranked third). Today's Psychology notes, "No individual - even Freud himself - has a greater impact on modern psychotherapy."
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Video Albert Ellis
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Ellis was born into a Jewish family in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, in 1913. He is the eldest of three children. Ellis's father was an entrepreneur, often away from home on a business trip, reportedly showing little affection for his children.
In his autobiography, Ellis characterizes his mother as a selfish woman with bipolar disorder. Sometimes, according to Ellis, he is "a busy chat who never listens." He will explain his strong opinions on most subjects, but rarely provide a factual basis for these views. Like his father, Ellis's mother is emotionally distant from her children. Ellis recounts that he often sleeps when he leaves for school and usually does not come home when he returns. Instead of reporting bitter feelings, he takes the responsibility of caring for his brothers. He bought the alarm clock with his own money and woke up and dressed his younger brother and sister. When the Great Depression struck, the three children were looking for a job to help the family. Ellis was sick as a child and suffered many health problems throughout his youth. At the age of five he was hospitalized with kidney disease. She is also hospitalized with tonsillitis, which causes severe streptococcal infections that require emergency surgery. He reported that he had eight hospitalizations between the ages of five and seven, one of which lasted nearly a year. Her parents gave her little emotional support during these years, rarely visiting or cheering her up. Ellis states that he learned to deal with his difficulties because he "developed an increasing indifference to the negligence". Illness is following Ellis all his life; at the age of 40 he had diabetes.
Ellis has exaggerated the fear of public speaking and during her teenage years, she is very shy around women. At age 19, already showing signs of thinking like a cognitive-behavioral therapist, she forced herself to talk to 100 women in the Bronx Botanical Gardens for a month. Although she did not get a date, she reported that she was not sensitive to her fear of rejection by women.
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Education and career start
Ellis entered the field of clinical psychology after earning a Bachelor of Arts degree in business from what became known as the City College of New York Downtown in 1934. He began a short career in business, followed by one as a writer. These attempts occurred during the Great Depression that began in 1929, and Ellis found that his business was poor and unsuccessful in publishing his fiction. Finding that he could write non-fiction well, Ellis researched and wrote about human sexuality. His lay counselor in this field convinced him to seek a new career in clinical psychology.
In 1942, Ellis started his studies for a PhD in clinical psychology at Teachers College, Columbia University, which trained psychologists mostly in psychoanalysis. He completed the Master of Arts in clinical psychology from Teachers College in June 1943, and started a part-time personal practice while still working on a PhD degree - probably because there was no licensed psychologist in New York at the time. Ellis began publishing articles even before receiving his PhD; in 1946 he wrote criticisms on many of the widely used pencils and paper personality tricks. He concludes that only the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory meets research-based instrument standards.
In 1947, he was awarded a PhD in Clinical Psychology at Columbia, and at that time Ellis became convinced that psychoanalysis was the deepest and most effective form of therapy. Like most psychologists back then, he was interested in Sigmund Freud's theories. He sought additional training in psychoanalysis and then began practicing classical psychoanalysis. Shortly after receiving his PhD in 1947, Ellis started a Jungian analysis and surveillance program with Richard Hulbeck, a leading analyst at Karen Horney Institute (whose own analyst is Hermann Rorschach, developer of the Rorschach patch). At that time he taught at the University of New York, Rutgers University, and Pittsburg State University and held several prominent staff positions. At this time, Ellis's faith in psychoanalysis slowly collapsed.
Initial theoretical contributions to psychotherapy
The writings of Karen Horney, Alfred Adler, Erich Fromm and Harry Stack Sullivan will be some influence in Ellis's thinking and play a role in shaping his psychological model. Ellis praised Alfred Korzybski, his book, Science and Clarity , and the general semantics to begin on the philosophical path to establish rational therapy. In addition, modern and ancient philosophy (especially stoicism), and his own experience greatly influenced his new theoretical development toward psychotherapy. Ellis acknowledges that the therapy is "not at all new", because Paul Charles Dubois's special "rational persuasion" has determined some of his key principles; Ellis stated he had read it a few years after finding therapy, but had studied ÃÆ' â € ° mile CouÃÆ'Â © from a young age.
From the late 1940s onwards, Ellis worked on rational emotional behavioral therapy (REBT), and in January 1953 his break with psychoanalysis was completed, and he began to call himself a rational therapist. Ellis is now advocating a new type of psychotherapy that is more active and directed. In 1955, he presented a rational therapy (RT). In the RT, the therapist seeks to help the client understand - and act on the understanding - that his personal philosophy contains beliefs that contribute to his own emotional pain. This new approach emphasizes actively working to change beliefs and behaviors that self-destruct clients by showing their irrationality, self-defeats, and rigidity. Ellis believes that through rational analysis and cognitive reconstruction, one can understand their defeats in the light of their core irrational beliefs and then develop more rational constructions.
In 1954, Ellis began teaching his new techniques to other therapists, and in 1957, he formally established the first cognitive behavioral therapy by proposing that therapists help people adjust their thinking and behavior as a treatment for emotional and behavioral problems. Two years later, Ellis publishes the How to Live with Neurotic , described in his new method. In 1960, Ellis presented a paper on his new approach at the American Psychological Association (APA) convention in Chicago. There is a mild interest, but few recognize that the established paradigm will become a zeitgeist within a generation. At the time, the dominant interest in experimental psychology was behaviorism, while in clinical psychology, it was the psychoanalytic school of such figures as Freud, Jung, Adler, and Perls. Despite the fact that Ellis's approach emphasizes cognitive, emotive, and behavioral methods, his strong cognitive emphasis provokes the formation of psychotherapy with the possible exception of Adler's followers. As a result, he is often accepted with significant hostility at professional conferences and in print. He regularly holds seminars where he will take a participant to the stage and treat them. Therapeutic styles themselves are notorious for being often delivered in a rough and confrontational style; However, it should not be equated with rational-emotive and cognitive-behavioral schools practiced by students and followers in a variety of therapeutic styles (eg, often depending on the client's personality, client clinical issues, and evidence-based information on appropriate interventions, but also includes the therapist's own preference).
Although his adoption approach was relatively slow in the beginning, Ellis founded his own institute. The Institute for Rational Living was founded as a nonprofit organization in 1959. In 1968, it was hired by the New York State Council as a training institute and a psychological clinic.
Integrity assessment study
In 1979 and for the next two decades Ellis focused some of his research on behavioral integrity through applied experimental psychology, which focused on reliability, honesty and loyalty as psychosocial behavior. Organizational commitment as a cognitive norm, evaluating concretely through images developed at the Institute.
In his book Personality Theories developed with Mike Abrams and Lidia Dengelegi Abrams establish an integrity evaluation opinion that understands the reasons each personality can have a change in their attitude, reliability is a common factor of the samples they take. and from which great progress is gained to seek tools for working with the human mind. Albert Ellis discusses about God, Soul, life, and death - YouTube "src =" http://i0.wp.com/imgstorage.ga/wp-contents/uploads/2018/06/4N5p2o.jpg "style =" max-width: 100%; height: auto; "title =" Albert Ellis talks about God, Soul, life, and death - YouTube ">
Working as a sexologist and sex and love researcher
In the 1960s, Ellis was seen as one of the founders of the American sexual revolution. Especially in his previous career, he was known for his work as a sexologist and because of his liberal humanist, and in some controversial opinion camps about human sexuality. She also works with famous zoologist and sex researcher Alfred Kinsey and explores a number of books and articles on human sexuality and love. Sex and love are his professional interests even from the beginning of his career. Norman Haire, in his preface to Ellis' 1952 book Trust and Customs Sex , praised the Society for the Prevention of Venereal Disease work as he ridiculed his rival, the National Council for Combating Vault Disease, who argued that the measures prevention such as condoms would encourage representatives: Haire called them "Society for the Prevention of Failure of Failing Disease".
In 1958, Ellis published his classic Sex Without Guilt which was later known for his advocacy of liberal attitudes toward sex. She contributed to Paul Krassner magazine The Realist ; among his articles, in 1964 he wrote if this was a heresy... Is pornography harmful to children? In 1965, Ellis published a book called Homosexuality: the Cause and Healing , some of which saw homosexuality as a pathology and therefore a condition to be healed. In 1973, the American Psychiatric Association reversed its position on homosexuality by stating that it was not a mental disorder and thus not exactly subject to healing, and in 1976, Ellis clarified his earlier view in Sex and the Liberated Man. >, explains that some disturbed homosexual behavior may be the subject of care but, in most cases, that should not be attempted because homosexuality is not basically good or evil, except from a religious standpoint (See "Ellis and religion", below). Toward the end of his life, he finally renewed and rewrote the Sex Without Guilt in 2001 and was released as a Sex Without Guild in the Twenty-First Century. In this book, he describes and enhances his humanistic view of sexual ethics and morality and dedicates a chapter on homosexuality to give homosexual advice and advice on how to better enjoy and improve their sexual love life. While preserving some ideas about human sexuality from the original, the revision describes his later humanistic opinions and ethical ideals as they have evolved in their academic work and practice.
Ellis and religion
In the original version of his book Sex Without Guilt, Ellis expressed the view that religious restrictions on sexual expression are often unnecessary and harmful to emotional health. He is also a well-known debate of religious psychologists, including Orval Hobart Mowrer and Allen Bergin, on the proposition that religion often contributes to psychological distress. Because of his clear defense of nontheistic humanism, he was recognized in 1971 as Humanist of the Year by the American Humanist Association. In 2003, he was one of the signatories of the Humanist Manifesto. Ellis recently described himself as a probabilistic atheist, meaning that while he admits that he can not be entirely convinced that there is no god, he believes the probability that the god is so small that it is not comparable with his attention or others.
While Ellis's atheism and personal humanism remain consistent, his views on the role of religion in mental health change over time. In the initial comments made at the convention and at his institute in New York City, Ellis is openly and often with a spicy delivery that obedient religious beliefs and practices are harmful to mental health. In "The Case Against Religiosity", a 1980 pamphlet published by his New York institute, he offers an idiosyncratic definition of religiosity as pious, dogmatic and demanding faith. He noted that religious codes and religious individuals often show diversity, but added that a religious obedient and demanding is also evident among many orthodox psychotherapists and psychoanalysts, adherent political and aggressive atheists.
Ellis is careful to argue that REBT is independent of atheism, noting that many skilled REBT practitioners are religious, including some who are ordained ministers. In his last days, he significantly weakened his opposition to religion. While Ellis maintains his firm atheistic stance, proposing that probabilistic and wise atheism may be the most emotionally healthy approach to life, he acknowledges and agrees with survey evidence showing that a loving belief in a God can also be psychologically sound. Based on this approach to religion, he re-formulated his professional and personal views in one of his last books The Road to Tolerance, and he co-authored the book Counseling and Psychotherapy with Religion Persons: Behavioral Therapy Approach Rational emotions, with two religious psychologists, Stevan Lars Nielsen and W. Brad Johnson, explain the principles for integrating religious material and beliefs with REBT during the treatment of religious clients.
Ellis is a lifelong advocate for peace and an enemy of militarism. Albert Ellis - I do not need what I want: I'm glad to be released... "src =" http://i0.wp.com/imgstorage.ga/wp-contents/uploads/2018/06/771BVs.jpg "style =" max-width: 100%; height: auto; "title =" Albert Ellis - I do not need what I want: I am happy to be released... ">
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