In psychology, stress is a feeling of tension and pressure. Stress is a type of psychological pain. A small amount of stress may be desirable, beneficial, and even healthy. Positive stress helps improve athletic performance. It also plays a factor in motivation, adaptation, and reaction to the environment. However, excessive amounts of stress can cause physical damage. Stress can increase the risk of stroke, heart attack, boils, and mental illness such as depression.
Stress can be external and environmentally related, but it may also be caused by internal perceptions that cause a person to experience anxiety or other negative emotions around situations, such as stress, discomfort, etc., which they then find stressful.
Human beings experience stress, or perceive things as threats, when they do not believe that their resources to overcome obstacles (stimuli, people, situations, etc.) are sufficient for what the circumstances demand. When people think the demands placed on them exceed their ability to cope, they then feel the stress.
Video Psychological stress
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A highly neglected side of stress is its positive adaptation. Positive psychological stress can lead to motivation and challenge rather than anxiety. The effect of experiencing eustress, which is a positive stress, versus distress, which is a negative pressure, is significant. While everyday language is put together, different types of stress should be treated as separate concepts.
Maps Psychological stress
Variations
Selye proposes that there are four variations of stress. On one axis, there is good stress (eustress) and bad pressure (distress). On the other hand are overstress (hyperstress) and understress (hypostress). The goal is to balance this as much as possible. The ultimate goal is to balance hyperstress and hypostress perfectly and to have as many eustresses as possible. It's very useful for a productive lifestyle because it makes working fun instead of a task, as seen with tribulation.
Differentiation between eustress and distress
Eustress comes from the Greek root "eu" which means as good as in euphoria. Eustress is when a person perceives a stressor as positive. Distress comes from the Latin root "dis" as dissonance or disagreement. Distress is a threat to the quality of life. That's when demand far exceeds one's ability.
Health effects
There is a possible connection between stress and illness. The theory of stress-disease relationships suggests that acute and chronic stress can cause disease, and some studies have found such a relationship. According to these theories, both types of stress can cause behavioral and physiological changes. Behavior changes can include smoking and eating habits and physical activity. Physiological changes may include changes in sympathetic activation or pituitary hypothalamus pituitary activation, and immunological function. However, there are many variations in the link between stress and disease.
Stress can make individuals more vulnerable to physical illnesses like the common cold. Stress events, such as job changes, can cause insomnia, sleep disorders, and health complaints. Research shows the type of stressor (whether it is acute or chronic) and individual characteristics such as age and physical well-being before the onset of stressors can combine to determine the effect of stress on the individual. The personality traits of a person (such as the level of neuroticism), genetics, and childhood experiences with major stressors and traumas can also dictate their response to stressors.
Chronic stress and lack of handling of resources available or used by individuals can often lead to the development of psychological problems such as depression and anxiety (see below for more information). This is especially true for chronic stress. This is stress that may not be as strong as an acute stressor such as a natural disaster or a major accident, but they persist for longer periods of time. The types of stressors tend to have a more negative impact on health as they are sustained and thus require the body's physiological response to occur daily. It depletes the body's energy faster and usually occurs over a long period of time, especially when these microstressors are unavoidable (ie stress living in hazardous environments). See the allostatic load for further discussion of the biological processes in which chronic stress can affect the body. For example, studies have found that caregivers, especially dementia patients, have higher levels of depression and physical health are slightly worse than non-caregivers.
Research also shows that perceived chronic stress and hostility associated with Type A personality are often associated with a much higher risk of cardiovascular disease. This occurs because the immune system is disturbed as well as the high level of arousal in the sympathetic nervous system that occurs as part of the body's physiological response to stressful events. However, it is possible for individuals to exhibit resilience - a term that refers to the ability to become chronic and healthy stress. Many psychologists today are interested in studying the factors that enable powerful individuals to cope with stress and avoid most of the health problems and diseases associated with high levels of stress. Stress can be associated with psychological disorders such as delusions, generalized anxiety disorders, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. However, everyone experiences some level of stress, and the diagnosis of stress disorder can only be done by a licensed practitioner. According to a review article in 2016, pathological anxiety and chronic stress cause structural degeneration and impaired hippocampal function.
It has long been believed that negative affective states, such as anxiety and depression, can affect the pathogenesis of physical illness, which, in turn, has a direct effect on biological processes that can lead to an increased risk of disease eventually. However, research conducted by the University of Wisconsin-Madison and elsewhere has shown this to be partly untrue; although stress appears to increase the reported bad health risk, the perception that dangerous stress increases the risk even further. For example, when humans are under chronic pressure, permanent changes in their physiological, emotional, and behavioral responses are most likely to occur. Such changes can cause illness. Chronic stress is caused by stressful events that last for a relatively long period of time, such as caring for a partner with dementia, or the result of short-term events that continue to be experienced as extraordinarily long after they end, such as sexual intercourse. attack.
Experiments show that when healthy human individuals are exposed to acute laboratory stress, they show an adaptive improvement of some natural immune markers but the general suppression of specific immune function. For comparison, when healthy human individuals are exposed to real-life chronic stress, this stress is associated with a biphasic immune response in which partial suppression of cellular and humoral function coincides with low-grade non-specific inflammation.
Although psychological stress is often associated with illness or disease, most healthy individuals can still remain disease-free after the event of chronic stress. Also, people who do not believe that stress will affect their health have no increased risk of disease, illness, or death. This suggests that there are individual differences in susceptibility to potential pathogenic effects of stress; individual differences in vulnerability arise due to genetic and psychological factors. In addition, the age at which stress is experienced can determine its effect on health. Research shows chronic stress at a young age can impact lifelong on biological, psychological, and behavioral responses to stress later in life.
Because stress has physical effects on the body, some individuals may not distinguish this from other more serious diseases. Individuals experiencing stress tend not to see medical care for symptoms if symptoms are ambiguous (eg headache) and they are currently under stress. However, if the symptoms are not ambiguous (eg, breast lumps), and recent onset of stressors, individuals are motivated to seek treatment as usual.
Cancer
In animals, stress contributes to the initiation, growth, and metastasis of select tumors, but studies that attempt to link stress and cancer incidence in humans have mixed results. This can be due to practical difficulties in designing and implementing adequate studies.
Stressor neutral
Stress is a non-specific response. It is neutral, and what varies is the response rate. It's all about the individual context and how they view the situation. Selye defines stress as "non-specific (ie, general) outcome of any demand for the body, into mental or somatic effects." These include the definition of medical stress as a physical demand and the definition of everyday stress as a psychological demand. Stressors are inherently neutral meaning that the same stressor can cause distress or eustress. These are individual differences and responses that cause distress or eustress.
Trigger types
Stressors are all events, experiences, or environmental stimuli that cause stress on a person. These events or experiences are perceived as threats or challenges to the individual and may be physical or psychological. Researchers have found that stressors can make individuals more vulnerable to physical and psychological problems, including heart disease and anxiety.
Stress is more likely to affect a person's health when they are "chronic, very disturbing, or considered uncontrollable". In psychology, researchers generally classify different types of stressors into four categories: 1) crisis/disaster, 2) major events in life, 3) daily disruption/microstressor, and 4) ambient stressors.
Crisis/catastrophe
This type of stressor is unpredictable and unpredictable and, thus, completely beyond the control of the individual. Examples of crises and disasters include: devastating natural disasters, such as major floods or earthquakes, wars, etc. Although rare, this type of stressors usually causes a lot of stress in a person's life. A study conducted by Stanford University found that after a natural disaster, those affected had a significant increase in stress levels. Fighting stress is a widespread acute and chronic problem. With the rapid speed and urgency of the first dismissal, the tragic episode unintentionally kills friendly troops ("brother" killing "brother" or killing brothers) may happen. Prevention requires stress reduction, vehicle emphasis and other identification training, awareness of tactical situations, and ongoing risk analysis by leaders in all echelons.
Main life events
Common examples of major life events include: marriage, college, death of a loved one, birth of a child, moving house, etc. These events, whether positive or negative, can create a sense of uncertainty and fear, which in turn will cause stress. For example, studies have found increased stress during transition from high school to university, with new students about twice as likely to experience stress than recent years. Research has found major life events rather rare to be a major cause of stress, due to rare events.
The length of time since it occurs and whether or not it is a positive or negative event is a factor whether or not it causes stress and how much stress it causes. Researchers have found that events that have occurred in the past month are generally unrelated to stress or illness, while chronic events that occurred more than a few months ago are linked to stress and disease and personality changes. In addition, positive life events are usually unrelated to stress - and if so, generally only mild stress - while negative life events can be attributed to the stress and health problems that accompany it. However, positive experiences and positive life changes can predict decreased neuroticism.
Daily hassles/microstressors
This category includes daily disruptions and minor annoyances. Examples include: making decisions, meeting deadlines at work or school, traffic congestion, meetings with annoying personalities, etc. Often, these types of stressors include conflict with others. Daily stressors, however, are different for each individual, as not everyone perceives a particular event as stressful. For example, most people feel public speaking to be stressful, however, an experienced politician is unlikely to do it.
Daily complexity is the most common type of stressor in most adults. The high frequency of hassles causes this stressor to have the most physiological effects on the individual. Carolyn Aldwin, Ph.D., conducted a study at Oregon State University that examined the perceived intensity of daily disturbance in individual deaths. Aldwin's research concludes that there is a strong correlation between individuals who assess their hassles as very intense and high mortality rates. A person's perception of his daily stress can have a modulation effect on the physiological effects of daily stress.
There are three main types of psychological conflicts that can cause stress.
- Conflict approach approach occurs when one chooses between two equally interesting options, whether to watch a movie or watch a concert.
- Avoidance-avoidance conflict occurs when one has to choose between two equally unattractive options, for example, to take a second loan on unattractive terms to pay off a mortgage or to face foreclosure in someone's home.
- The avoidance-avoidance approach occurs when a person is forced to choose whether or not to take part in something that has interesting and unattractive traits - such as whether or not to attend an expensive lecture (which means taking out a loan now but also means quality education and work after graduation).
Travel-related stress results from three main categories: lost time, shock (unexpected events such as lost or delayed baggage) and routine breakers (inability to maintain daily habits).
Ambient pushers
As implied by its name, this is a global low-grade stress (as opposed to an individual) that is part of the background environment. They are defined as a "chronic, negative, non-urgent, physically, and stubbornly stressor against individual efforts to change it." Typical examples of environmental stresses are pollution, noise, density, and traffic. Unlike the other three types of stressors, ambient stressors can (but should not) have a negative impact on stress without awareness. They are so low on what Stokols calls "perceptual significance".
Organizational Stressor
Studies conducted in the military and battlefields show that some of the most powerful stresses can be caused by personal organizational problems in the unit or in front of the house. Stress due to poor organizational practices is often associated with "Toxic Leadership", both in companies and in government organizations.
Management
Stress management refers to a variety of techniques and psychotherapy that aims to control a person's stress level, especially chronic stress, usually for the purpose of improving day-to-day functioning. This involves controlling and reducing the tension that occurs in stressful situations by making emotional and physical changes.
Endurance prevention and development
Reducing stress behaviors is part of prevention, some common strategies and techniques are: Self-monitoring, sewing, material reinforcement, social reinforcement, social support, independent contracts, contracts with other important groups, shaping, reminding, and helping oneself. , professional help.
Although many techniques have traditionally been developed to deal with the consequences of stress, considerable research has also been done on the prevention of stress, a subject closely related to the development of psychological resilience. A number of self-help approaches to stress prevention and building resilience have been developed, primarily based on the theory and practice of cognitive-behavioral therapy.
Biofeedback can also play a role in stress management. A random study by Sutarto et al. assessed the resonance breathing biofeedback effect (recognizing and controlling unconscious heart rate variability) among manufacturing operators; depression, anxiety and stress decreased significantly.
Overcome the
The Lazarus and Folkman models show that external events create a form of pressure to achieve, engage, or experience a stressful situation. Stress is not an external event itself, but an interpretation and response to potential threats; this is when the koping process begins.
There are various ways individuals deal with perceived threats that might create stress. However, people have a tendency to respond to threats with dominant coping styles, where they ignore feelings, or manipulate stressful situations.
There are different classifications to overcome, or defense mechanisms, but they are all variations on the same general idea: There is a good/productive and negative/counterproductive way to deal with stress. Because stress is felt, the following mechanisms do not have to deal with the actual situation that causes individual stress. However, they can be considered as coping mechanisms if they allow individuals to cope better with the negative feelings they experience through stressful situations, as opposed to actually correcting the concrete obstacles that cause stress. The following mechanism is adapted from DSM-IV Adaptive Functioning Scale, APA, 1994.
Highly adaptive/active/problem-focused mechanism
These skills are what can be called "face the problem directly", or at least deal with the negative emotions experienced by stress constructively. (generally adaptive)
- Affiliates ("tend and befriend") - involves handling stress by switching to social networks for support, but someone does not share with others to disseminate or avoid responsibility.
- Humor - individual steps beyond the situation to gain a broader perspective, as well as to highlight any aspect of comics found in their stressful situations.
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- "The Applied and Therapeutic Humor Association defines therapeutic humor as" any intervention that promotes health and well-being by stimulating cute discovery, expression, or appreciation of the absurdity or incompatibility of life situations.This intervention may improve health or use as a complementary medicine of disease to facilitate healing or overcoming whether physical, emotional, cognitive, or spiritual ".
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- Sigmund Freud, a famous neurologist, points out that humor is an excellent defense strategy in emotional situations. When a person laughs in a difficult situation, they feel absent from their concerns, and this allows them to think differently. When people experience different mindsets, they feel more able to control their responses, and how they will deal with events that cause stress.
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- Lefcourt (2001) states that the humor that takes this perspective is the most effective because of its ability to distance itself from great stress situations. Studies show that the use of laughter and humor creates a sense of stress relief that can last up to 45 minutes post-laughter).
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- Also, most hospitalized children are seen using laughter and play to relieve their fear, pain and stress. It has been found that there is very important in the use of laughter and humor in coping with stress. Humans must use humor as a tool to overcome their original understanding of external events, take different perspectives, where their anxiety can be minimized.
- Sublimation - enables "indirect conflict resolution without adverse consequences or consequences marked by loss of fun.Basically, this mechanism allows the disruption of disturbing emotions or impulses into outlets that are socially acceptable.
- Reappraisal positive - takes your mind (cognitive energy) to the good things that happen or do not happen. This can lead to personal growth, self-reflection, and awareness of the power/benefit of one's efforts. For example, the study of war veterans or peacekeeping operations suggests that people who interpret the positive meaning of their battle experience or threats tend to adapt better than those who do not.
The final path model is well fitted (CF1 = 1, RMSEA = 0.00) and shows that the direct quality of the path of life with? = -0.2, and indirect social support with? = -0,088 has the greatest effect on stress reduction during pregnancy.
Other adaptive coping mechanisms include anticipation, altruism, and self-observation.
Mechanisms of inhibition/rejection of mental
These mechanisms cause individuals to have a diminished awareness (or in some cases none) of their anxiety, threatening ideas, fears, etc., which come from awareness of perceived threats.
- Displacement - This is when someone diverts their emotional feelings about one situation to another, which is less threatening. Repression occurs when a person tries to erase all thoughts, feelings, and anything related to an annoying (perceived) threat from his consciousness to be disconnected from the whole situation. When done long enough in a successful way, this is more than a denial.
- Reaction formation - Someone replaces their feelings, thoughts, or behavior with the opposite. Attempts to remove the "unacceptable mind" from one's consciousness by replacing it with the opposite.
Other coping mechanisms of inhibition include undoing, dissociation, rejection, projection, and rationalization. Although some people claim that the coping mechanism of inhibition can ultimately increase stress levels because the problem is not solved, releasing from a stressor can sometimes help people to release temporarily stress and become better equipped to deal with problems later on.
Active mechanisms
These methods relate to stress by an individual who literally takes action, or withdraws.
- Act - Often seen as counter-normative, or problematic. Instead of reflecting or problem solving, an individual takes maladaptive action.
- Passive aggression - When a person indirectly deals with anxiety and negative thoughts/feelings that come from their stress by acting in a hostile or upset way toward others. Help-Rejecting Complain may also be included in this category.
Health promotion
There are alternative methods to deal with stress, where one works to minimize their anxiety and stress by means of prevention. If a person works to cope with stress every day, the feelings of stress and the ways in which a person deals with it when external events appear to be less of a burden.
Suggested strategies for improving stress management include:
- Regular exercise - create a fitness program, 3-4 times a week
- Support systems - to listen, offer suggestions, and support each other
- Time management - developing an organizational system
- Assisted imagery and visualization - creating a relaxed state of mind
- Progressive muscle relaxation - loosening tense muscles
- Firmness training - work on effective communication
- Journal writing - express true emotion, self-reflection
- Workplace stress management - organize new systems, change tasks to reduce stress yourself.
Depending on the situation, all of these coping mechanisms can be adaptive, or maladaptive.
Physiological response
Emphasize that affects communication
The body responds to stress in various ways. Re-adjusting the chemical level is just one of them. Here are some examples of adjustments and changes that affect communication.
General adaptive syndrome
In terms of measuring the body's response to stress, psychologists tend to use Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome. This model is also often referred to as a classic stress response, and it revolves around the concept of homeostasis. Adaptive syndrome is common in three stages:
- Alarm reaction . This stage occurs when the stressor is first presented. The body begins to gather resources to cope with stressors. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathetic nervous system are activated, resulting in the release of hormones from the adrenal glands such as cortisol, adrenaline (epinephrine), and norepinephrine into the bloodstream to adjust body processes. These hormonal adjustments increase energy levels, increase muscle tension, reduce sensitivity to pain, slow down the digestive system, and cause increased blood pressure. In addition, Locus coeruleus, a collection of neurons containing Norepinephrine in brainstem pons whose axons project into different areas of the brain, is involved in releasing Norepinephrine directly into neurons. High levels Norepinephrine acts as a neurotransmitter at its receptor expressed in neurons in the brain region, as the prefrontal cortex is thought to be involved in the effects of stress on executive function, such as memory working disorder.
- Resistance stage . The body continues to build resistance throughout the resistance phase, until the body's resources run out, leading to phase fatigue, or a stress stimulus removed. When the body uses more resources people become increasingly tired and susceptible to disease. This stage is where the first psychosomatic disorder begins to emerge.
- Phase fatigue . The body is completely depleted of hormones and resources it depends on to manage the stressor. The person is now beginning to exhibit behaviors such as anxiety, irritability, avoidance of responsibility and relationships, self-destructive behavior, and poor judgment. If a person experiences these symptoms, they have a greater chance to hit, damage relationships, or avoid social interaction altogether.
This physiological stress response involves a high level of sympathetic nervous activation, often referred to as "fight or flight" response. Response involves the dilation of the pupil, the release of endorphins, increased heart rate and breathing, cessation of the digestive process, adrenal secretion, arteriole dilatation, and narrowing of the veins. This high level of arousal is often not required to cope with micro stress and daily distractions; However, this is a response pattern seen in humans, which often leads to health problems that are generally associated with high levels of stress.
Sleep quality
Sleep allows people to rest and reenergize for another day filled with interactions and tasks. If a person is feeling stressed, it is very important for them to get enough sleep so they can think clearly. Unfortunately, chemical changes in the body caused by stress can make sleep difficult. Glucocorticoids are released by the body in response to stress that can interfere with sleep. Sleep comes in four stages and the deepest, quietest sleep can only be achieved after falling asleep for an hour. If someone's sleep is constantly disturbed, they will not feel completely rested. This will make them irritable and less likely to communicate effectively.
When a person is emphasized, many challenges can arise; a recognized challenge becomes a communication difficulty. Here are some examples of how stress can impede communication.
Cultural differences: individualistic vs. collectivism
The world culture is generally divided into two categories; individualistic and collectivist.
- Individualistic culture, such as the culture of the United States, where everyone is an independent entity determined by their accomplishments and goals.
- Collective culture, like many Asian countries, prefers to see individuals interdependent with one another. They value courtesy and family.
These cultural differences can affect the way people communicate when they are stressed. For example, a member of individualistic culture will hesitate to ask for pain medication for fear of being considered weak. A member of a collective culture will not hesitate. They are raised in a culture where everyone helps each other and is a functional unit whereas members of individualistic culture are uncomfortable asking for help from others.
Language barrier
Language barriers can also reduce communication due to stress. All languages ​​have their own way of using names, titles, and just interacting. These differences can make communication between languages ​​relatively depressed. Not speaking the same language, different ways to show respect, and the use of different body language can be difficult. Feeling uncomfortable with communication around a person can make them reluctant to communicate at all.
Home change
Divorce, death, and remarriage are all disturbing events in the household. Although everyone involved is affected by events like this, it can look most drastic in children. Because of their age, children have relatively undeveloped coping skills. For this reason, stressful events can cause some changes in their behavior. Falling in with a new crowd, developing some new and sometimes unwanted habits are just some of the changes that can trigger stress in their lives.
A very interesting response to stress is to talk to imaginary friends. A child may feel angry with their parents or colleagues that they feel are bringing these changes to them. They need someone to talk to but that's certainly not the person with whom they're angry. That's when an imaginary friend comes in. They "talk" to this imaginary friend but by doing so they break off communication with the people around them.
Social support and health
Researchers have long been interested in how the individual level and type of social support impact on the effects of stress on their health. Studies have consistently shown that social support can protect against the physical and mental consequences of stress. This can happen through various mechanisms. One model, known as the "direct effect" model, states that social support has a direct, positive impact on health by increasing positive influence, promoting adaptive health behaviors, predictability and stability in life, and safeguarding against social, legal, and economic problems. which can have a negative impact on health. Another model, the "buffering effect", says that social support has the greatest impact on health at times of stress, either by helping individuals assess situations in less threatening behaviors or coping with actual stress. Researchers have found evidence to support both of these pathways.
Social support is defined more specifically as the psychological and material resources provided by social networks aimed at helping a person cope with stress. Researchers generally distinguish between different types of social support: instrumental support - referring to material assistance (eg, financial support or assistance in transport to a doctor's appointment), information support (eg, knowledge, education or advice in problem solving), and emotional support for example, empathy - although negative correlations have been shown between stress and empathy towards strangers, guarantees, etc.). Social support can reduce stress levels during pregnancy.
Communicate with someone under stress
Social support from friends and communities can be very helpful to help someone communicate while stressed. Social support is giving people the knowledge that they are part of a network of mutual care, attracting others, allowing them to lower stress levels and be better able to cope with the stress they are experiencing. Social and emotional support people provide one another to show that they are important and valued members of social networks.
A person's stress can greatly affect the people around them, especially in the family. "Families can experience conflicting emotions when placed in a position of providing a protected treatment for a loved one.Compassion, protection, and attention can mix with feelings of helplessness and trapped." Emotional support is essential to helping families overcome challenges to support their loved ones (stressful people). This emotional support can be expressed through many communication methods.
In order to communicate effectively with someone who is stressed, it is important to know how to interact with them in ways that can be useful to them. Therapeutic communication techniques can help different types of communication. These techniques include but are not limited to listening, making open comments, reducing distance, restating, seeking clarification, reflecting, and planning. Listening to someone actively when they are stressed can help them let go of frustration and overcome their problems. Listening shows that you are interested in that person, and can have great therapeutic value. It is important to point out that the needs of the stressful person are above the caregiver in order for the interaction to be therapeutic. It's important that you stay mentally, emotionally and physically ready to help him. It is fun to stay timely and courteous by dealing with them, and that the best methods are used to improve their well-being and comfort.
Verbal communication methods
- Making an open comment can allow a stressed person to decide which interaction directions can take and encourage them to keep talking.
- To validate that the message is interpreted correctly, it is a good idea to restate what the person is saying. Seeking clarification can also help ensure an understanding of what they are communicating.
- Try contemplating what the stressor told you. This will show that you see and understand the importance of feelings, ideas, and interpretations. It is important to avoid being judgmental, and to reject what the person is saying. It may make them feel that they are personally rejected.
- At the end of a conversation, it's good to help them plan goals, leads, and so on, future interactions.
Nonverbal communication methods
- Have a slightly leaning posture toward people who communicate interest and encourage them to keep talking. Reduce the physical distance between you and the stressful person, indicating that you want to be involved in helping the person.
- "Try to keep your expression open and friendly without being cheerful, avoid wrinkles or confused or bored expressions." Making direct eye contact also generally shows that you are showing interest and concern for them.
- It is helpful to focus on keeping the atmosphere open while talking to someone. However, it is also important to pay attention to their nonverbal cues as well. By using their nonverbal cues, you can interpret their moods and/or feelings. This will help in adapting to the situation and communicate better.
How to prevent misunderstanding
Communication is an important stress management skill. While this seems like an easy skill, there is more communication than just talking. In fact, communication can cause problems like misunderstandings when not being used effectively. When miscommunication occurs there tends to be more trouble, anger and resentment later if communication is effective in the first place. There are certain things that need to be done to achieve effective communication.
The first guideline is to be clear about what is wanted or needed when talking to others.
This technique requires individual recognition of distorted and exaggerated expectations and thoughts.
An easy way to meet these guidelines is to reflect the purpose of the conversation in the statement. By reflecting on what is desired from the conversation, there is little room for miscommunication.
The second guideline for effective communication is to use express communication.
The firm statement is non-judgmental, expressing feelings and opinions and reaffirming the perceived rights. The best way to use assertive techniques is to manipulate the following formula:
- I feel [emotion], when you [behavior], because [explanation].
When people are stressed, they can not express their feelings correctly. When the recipient in the conversation can not understand the person's needs, miscommunication occurs and the person may feel victimized and blame others for not understanding. The third guideline is empathy that is defined as the ability to consider the perspectives of others and to communicate this perspective back to that person.
The final guideline to prevent misunderstanding when communicating during stress is cognitive restructuring that facilitates assertive communication because it requires people to identify their thoughts and feelings. Some ways to restructure cognitive is to stop and understand what the conversation is doing.
Breathe deeply as this will release tension and encourage relaxation that allows you to reflect on the real emotion.
It reflects how emotionally you feel and how you feel right away allows you to choose the right answer.
Choosing a more realistic way of thinking and helping enable communication to be straight forward and upfront leaves little room for miscommunication.
By following the above techniques and guidelines, the possibility of miscommunication in the conversation will decrease. Once the ability to communicate with assertive techniques works in everyday life, the frequency of misunderstanding will decrease significantly.
The importance of understanding how to communicate expressly is essential to everyday life. With the knowledge of how to communicate correctly, whether stress or not, the ability to communicate will become easier and result in less misunderstandings and frustrations that can contribute to one's stress.
Scales
The scale of life events can be used to assess the stressful things that people experience in their lives. One such scale is the Stress Scale Holmes and Rahe, also known as the Social Reord Rating Scale, or SRRS. Developed by psychiatrist Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe in 1967, this scale contains 43 stressful events.
To calculate a person's score, add the number of "life-changing units" if an event occurred last year. A score of over 300 means that individuals are at risk for illness, a score between 150 and 299 means moderate disease risk, and a score below 150 means that individuals have little risk of disease.
The modified version is made for non-adults. Scale below.
SSR is used in psychiatry to assess the impact of life events.
See also
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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