The Midwestern United States , also referred to as Midwestern , Middle West , or just Midwest , is either four census regions of the US Census Bureau (also known as "Region 2"). It occupies the northern half of the United States. Formally named Northern Central Region by the Census Bureau until 1984. It is located between the Northeastern United States and the Western United States, with Canada in the north and south of the United States in the south.
The Census Bureau definition consists of 12 states in the northern United States: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. This area is generally located in the vast Plain Interior between the countries occupying the Appalachian mountains and the states that occupy the Rocky Mountain mountains. The major rivers in the region include, from east to west, the Ohio River, Upper Mississippi River, and the Missouri River. The 2012 report from the US Census placed the Midwest population at 65,377,684. The Midwest is divided by the Census Bureau into two divisions. The East North Central Division includes Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin, all of which are also part of the Great Lakes region. The Northern North Central Division includes Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, North Dakota, Nebraska and South Dakota, some of which lie at least partly within the Great Plains region.
Chicago is the most populous city in the American Midwest and the third most populous country in the entire country. Other major cities in the Midwestern include (by population): Columbus, Indianapolis, Detroit, Milwaukee, Kansas City, Omaha, Minneapolis, Wichita, Cleveland, St. Louis, St. Louis Paul, and Cincinnati. Chicago and its suburbs make up the largest metropolitan area of ​​statistics with 9.8 million people, followed by Metro Detroit, Minneapolis-St. Paul, Greater St. Louis, Greater Cleveland, Greater Cincinnati, Kansas City metro areas, and the Columbus metro area.
Video Midwestern United States
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The term Midwestern has been used since the 1880s to refer to parts of the central United States. The term variant, Middle West, has been used since the 19th century and remains relatively common. Another term sometimes applied to the same common area is heart . Other terminations for the region have been deprecated, such as Northwest or Old Northwest (from "Northwest Territory") and Mid-America . The Northwest Territories (1787) is one of the earliest areas of the United States, stretching northwest from the Ohio River to northern Minnesota and upper Mississippi. The upper Mississippi riverbanks including the Missouri and Illinois Rivers are the first French settlement sites in Illinois and Ohio State.
Economically, the region is balanced between heavy industry and agriculture (a large part of this landmass forming the United States Corn Belt), with finance and services such as medicine and education becoming increasingly important. Its central location makes it a crossroads of transport for river boats, trains, cars, trucks, and airplanes. Politically, the region swings back and forth between the parties, and is thus strongly contested and often decisive in elections.
After the sociological studies of Middletown (1929), based on Muncie, Indiana, commentators used Midwestern cities (and Midwest generally) as "typical" nations. Previously, the rhetorical question, 'Will it play in Peoria?', Has become a stock phrase using Peoria, Illinois to signal whether something will appeal to the mainstream of America. This region has a higher population to population ratio (percentage of people employed for at least 16 years) than Northeast, West, South, or Sun Belt states in 2011.
Maps Midwestern United States
Definitions
Traditional definitions of the Midwest include Northwest Ordinance Old Northwest states and many states are part of the Louisiana Purchases. The Old Northwest state is also known as Great Lakes and is the center of north-east in the United States. The Ohio River flows along the southeast while the Mississippi River flows north to south near the center. Many of Louisiana Purchases state in the north-western center of the United States, also known as Great Plains states, where the Missouri River is the main waterway that joins Mississippi. Midwest is located north of 36 Â ° 30? parallel that the 1820 Missouri Compromise was established as a dividing line between future slaves and non-slave states.
The Midwest region is determined by the US Census Bureau because of these 12 countries: Old Northwest, the Mississippi River (Missouri River joins the state border), the Ohio River, and the Great Lakes state
Organizations define the Midwest with a slightly different group of countries. For example, the State Governing Council, an organization for communication and coordination among state governments, belongs to its regional office in the Midwest, eleven states from the list above, ignoring Missouri, which is in the Southern CSG region. The Midwest region of the National Park Service consists of these twelve states plus the state of Arkansas. The Midwest Archives Conference, a professional archive organization, with hundreds of archivists, curators, and information professionals as members, includes the twelve states above plus Kentucky.
Physical geography
The vast central area in the US, to Canada, is a lowland landscape, flattened to the terrain of the Interior Plains. Most of the two-thirds east make up the interior plains. The lowlands gradually rise westward, from the line that goes through eastern Kansas, to over 5,000 feet (1,500 m) in a unit known as the Great Plains. Most of the Great Plains area is now planted.
While these countries are for the most part relatively flat, consisting of plains or small hills and rolled over, there is a measure of geographic variation. In particular, the following areas show high topography: the Eastern Midwest near the foot of the Appalachian Mountains; Great Lakes Basin; The Ozark Mountains in southern Missouri; rugged topography of Southern Indiana and Southern Illinois; and Driftless Region in northwest Illinois, southwest of Wisconsin, southeastern Minnesota, and northeast Iowa.
Continuing westward, the topography of the Appalachian Plateau gradually gave way to rolling the hill gently and then (in the center of Ohio) to a flat land converted mainly to agriculture and urban areas. This is the beginning of the vast interior plains of North America. As a result, grasslands cover most of the Great Plains state. Iowa and most of Illinois are located in an area called prairie peninsula, an eastward border extension that confines conifers and mixed forests to the north, and harsh deciduous forests to the east and south.
Geographers divide the interior plains into the interior plains and the large plateau based on elevation. The lowlands are mostly under 1,500 feet (460 m) above sea level while the Great Plains to the west are higher, rising in Colorado to around 5,000 feet (1,500 m). The Lowlands, then, are limited to parts of Minnesota, Iowa, Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Tennessee, and Kentucky. Missouri and Arkansas have lowland areas, but in the Ozarks (in the highlands of the Interior) are higher. Those familiar with the topography of eastern Ohio may be confused by this; the area is hilly, but the rocks are horizontal and an extension of the Appalachian Plateau.
The Interior Plains largely coincides with the extensive Mississippi River Drainage System (another major component is the Missouri and Ohio Rivers). These rivers have for tens of millions of years been eroding down into mostly horizontal Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Kenozoicum sedimentary rocks. The modern Mississippi River system has evolved during the Epoch Pleistocene in the Kenozoic era.
Rainfall declines from east to west, producing a variety of grasslands, with tall grass meadows in the wet eastern region, mixed grasslands in the Great Plains in the middle, and shortgrass grasslands leading to the Rockies rain shadow. Currently, the three types of grasslands are largely compatible with corn/soybeans, wheat belts, and western deserts, respectively.
Although the hardwood forests of the northern Midwest were very clear at the end of the 19th century, they were replaced by new growth. The Ohio and Michigan forests are still growing. The majority of the Midwest can now be categorized as an urbanized or pastoral farming area.
Prehistoric
Among the Indian Paleoindian Indian cultures is the earliest in North America, with the presence of the Great Plains and the Great Lakes from about 12,000 BC to about 8,000 BC.
After the Paleo-Indian period is the Archaic period (8,000 BC to 1,000 BC), Woodland Tradition (1,000 BC to 100 AD), and Mississippian Period (900 to 1500 CE). Archaeological evidence suggests that the characteristics of Mississippian culture may have begun in St. Louis, Missouri and spread to the northwest along the Mississippi and Illinois rivers and into the state along the Kankakee River system. It also spread north to Indiana along Wabash, Tippecanoe, and White Rivers.
The Mississippians in the Midwest are mostly farmers who follow the rich lowlands of the rivers of the Midwestern. They carry a well-developed agriculture complex based on three main crops - corn, beans, and pumpkin. Corn, or maize, is the main plant of the Mississippian farmer. They collect a variety of seeds, nuts, and berries, and fish and hunt poultry to supplement their food. With an intensive form of agriculture, this culture supports a large population.
The Mississippi period is characterized by the culture of mound buildings. Mississippians experienced a remarkable population decline around 1400, coinciding with global climate change from Little Ice Age. Their culture effectively ended before 1492.
History
Native Americans
Great America Great Lakes Native Americans
Main tribes in the Greater Lake region include Hurons, Ottawa, Chippewas or Ojibwas, Potawatomis, Winnebago (Ho-chunk), Menominees, Sacs, Neutrals, Fox and Miami. Mostly are Huron and Chippewas. Battles and battles are often run between tribes, with the losers forced to flee.
Mostly from the Algonquian language family. Some tribes - such as Stockbridge-Munsee and Brothertown-are also Algonian tribesmen who moved from the east coast to the Great Lakes region in the 19th century. The Oneida belongs to the Iroquois and Ho-Chunk groups of Wisconsin is one of several Great Lakes to speak Siouan. American Indians in this area do not develop a written form of language.
In the 16th century, American Indians used projectiles and stone, bone, and wood tools for hunting and farming. They make canoe for fishing. Most of them live in oval or cone wigwams that can be easily moved. Different tribes have different ways of life. The Ojibwas especially hunters and fishing is also important in Ojibwas economy. Other tribes such as Sac, Fox, and Miami, both hunted and cultivated.
They are oriented towards open grasslands where they are engaged in a communal hunt for buffalo (bison). In the northern forest, Ottawas and Potawatomis are separated into small family groups to hunt. Winnebagos and Menominees use both methods of hunting alternately and establishing trade networks extending as far west as the Rockies, north to the Great Lakes, south to the Gulf of Mexico, and east to the Atlantic Ocean.
Huron accounts for offspring through the female line, while others prefer the patrilineal method. All tribes are governed by a complex leader or head of a tribe. For example, Huron is divided into a matrilineal clan, each represented by a head of the city council, where they meet a city chief about civil matters. But Chippewa's social and political life is simpler than the settled tribe.
Religious beliefs vary among tribes. Huron believes in Yoscaha, a supernatural being that lives in the sky and is believed to have created the world and Huron people. At death, Hurons thinks the spirit leaves the body to live in a village in the sky. Chippewas is a very religious person who believes in the Great Spirit. They worship the Great Spirit through all their seasonal activities, and view religion as a personal matter: Every person's relationship with his personal protective spirits is part of his daily thoughts in life. Ottawa people and Potawatomi people have religious beliefs very similar to those of Chippewas. Great Plains Indians
Great Plains Indians
The Plains Indians are indigenous peoples living in the plains and hills of Great Plains in North America. Their colorful riding culture and the famous conflicts of settlers and the US Army have made the archetypal Indian Plains in literature and art for American Indians everywhere.
The Indian plain is usually divided into two broad classifications, with some degree of overlap. The first group is entirely nomadic, following a large herd of buffalo. Some tribes sometimes engage in agriculture, planting tobacco and maize primarily. These include Blackfoot, Arapaho, Assiniboine, Cheyenne, Comanche, Crow, Gros Ventre, Kiowa, Lakota, Lipan, Apache Plains (or Kiowa Apache), Cree Plains, Ojibwe Plains, Sarsi, Shoshone, Stoney and Tonkawa.
The second group of Indian Plains (sometimes referred to as Indian Prairie) is a semi-settled tribe who, in addition to buffalo hunting, live in villages and grow crops. These include Arikara, Hidatsa, Iowa, Kaw (or Kansa), Kitsai, Mandan, Missouria, Nez Perce, Omaha, Osage, Otoe, Pawnee, Ponca, Quapaw, Santee, Wichita and Yankton.
The nomadic tribes of the Great Plains survive in the hunt, some of their main hunts centering on deer and buffalo. Some tribes are described as part of the 'Buffalo Culture' (sometimes called, for American Bison). Although Indian plains hunt for other animals, such as deer or antelope, the bull is their main food source. Bison, hide, and bone meat from the Bison hunt provides the main source of raw materials for items made by Indian Plains, including food, cups, decorations, crafting tools, knives, and clothing.
The tribes follow the bison's seasonal herding and migration. The Plains Indians live in teepees because they are easily dismantled and allow nomadic life to follow the game. When the horses of Spain were obtained, the Highlands tribe quickly integrated them into their daily lives. At the beginning of the 18th century, many tribes completely adopted the horse culture. Before they adopt weapons, the Plains Indians are hunted with spears, bows, bows and arrows, and various forms of clubs. The use of horses by lowland Indians makes hunting (and war) much easier.
Among the most powerful and dominant tribes are the Dakota or Sioux, which occupy a large number of territories in the Great Plains of Midwest. The Great Sioux Nation region is scattered throughout the South and Midwest, down to the Minnesota area and stretches west to the Rocky Mountains. At the same time, they occupy the heart of the main buffalo, and also an excellent area for feathers that they can sell to French and American merchants for items such as weapons. The Sioux (Dakota) became the most powerful of the Lowland tribes and the greatest threat to American expansion.
The Sioux consists of three main divisions based on the Siouan dialect and subculture:
- IsÃÆ'¡? yathi or IsÃÆ'¡? Athi ("Knife"): is located at the east end of Dakotas, Minnesota and northern Iowa, and is often referred to as Santee or North Dakota .
- Ihá? kt? u? wa? and Ihá? kt? u? wa? ("Village-at-the-end" and "little village-at-the-end"): located in the Minnesota River area, they are considered the center of Sioux, and are often referred to as Yankton and Yanktonai , or, collectively, as Wi? hÃÆ''ena (endonement) or West Dakota (and have been mistakenly classified as Nakota ).
- ThÃÆ'tu? wa? or Tetons (uncertain): Western Sioux, known for their hunting culture and their soldiers, are often referred to as the Lakota .
Currently, Sioux maintains many separate tribal governments scattered across several reservations, communities and reserves in Dakotas, Nebraska, Minnesota, and Montana in the United States, as well as Manitoba and Saskatchewan south in Canada.
European early exploration and settlement
New French
European settlements in the area began in the 17th century after the French exploration of the region and became known as the New France. The French period began with the exploration of the Saint Lawrence River by Jacques Cartier in 1534 and ended with their expulsion by the British, who divided New France with Spain in 1763.
Marquette and Jolliet
In 1673, the governor of New France sent Jacques Marquette, a Catholic priest and missionary, and Louis Jolliet, a feather trader to map the way to the Northwest Passage to the Pacific. They travel through the upper Michigan peninsula to the northern end of Lake Michigan. On the boat, they cross the big lake and land in Green Bay, Wisconsin. They entered the Mississippi River on 17 June 1673.
Marquette and Jolliet soon realized that Mississippi could not have been the Northwest Passage because it was flowing south. Nevertheless, the journey continues. They recorded many of the wildlife they encountered. They turned at the junction of the Mississippi River and the Arkansas River and came back.
Marquette and Jolliet were the first to map the northern part of the Mississippi River. They insist that it is easy to travel from St. Lawrence through the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico with water, that the natives who live along the route are generally friendly, and that the natural resources of the land are extraordinary. The new Frenchman led by LaSalle followed up and set up a 4,000-mile feather trade network.
American Settlement
At the end of the American Revolution, there are some, if any, American settlers in the Midwest. However, the US gained ownership of the entire Midwest east of the Mississippi, and the pioneers headed to Ohio, where a major treaty has been awarded to war veterans.
While French control ended in 1763 after their defeat by the British, most of the few hundred French settlers in small villages along the Mississippi River and its tributaries remained, and were not troubled by the new British government. Under the terms of the Paris Treaty, Spain is awarded Louisiana; western Mississippi area. St. Louis and Ste. Genevieve in Missouri are major cities, but there are few new settlements. France recaptured Louisiana from Spain in exchange for Toscana under the terms of the San Ildefonso Treaty in 1800. Napoleon had lost interest in re-establishing the French colonial empire in North America after the Haitian Revolution and together with the fact that France could not effectively defend Louisiana from England , he sold the territory to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Meanwhile, Britain maintained its fortifications and trading posts in the US territory, not giving it until the mid-1790s by the Jay Treaties.
American settlements begin either through a route over the Appalachian Mountains or through the Great Lakes waterways. Fort Pitt (now Pittsburgh) at the source of the Ohio River became the main base for settlers moving to the Midwest. Marietta, Ohio in 1787 became the first settlement in Ohio, but not until the defeat of the Indians at the Battle of the Fallen Timbers in 1794 was a large-scale settlement. A large number also came north from Kentucky to southern Ohio, Indiana and Illinois.
The fertile soil in the area produces corn and vegetables; mostly independent farmers. They cut down trees and claim the land, then sell it to newcomers and then move west again to repeat the process.
Lewis and Clark
In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson commissioned Lewis and Clark's expedition which took place between May 1804 and September 1806. Its purpose was to explore the Louisiana Purchase, and establish trade and US sovereignty over indigenous peoples along the Missouri River. Lewis and Clark's expedition made connections with more than two dozen indigenous tribes west of the Missouri River. The expedition was back east to St. Louis in the spring of 1806.
Indian War
In 1791, General Arthur St. Clair became commander of the US Army and led a punitive expedition with two Regiment Army regiments and several militia. Near the modern Fort Restoration, his troops advanced to the Indian settlement location near the headwaters of the Wabash River, but on November 4 they were attacked by a tribal confederation led by Head of Miami Little Turtle and Shawnee chief Blue Jacket. More than 600 soldiers and a number of women and children were killed in combat, which has since given birth to the name "Defeat of St. Clair". It remains the largest defeat of the US Army by Native Americans.
Britain has a long-term goal of building a "neutral" Indian buffer state, but pro-British in the Midwest of America. They demanded a neutral Indian state at a peace conference that ended the 1812 War, but failed to gain it because they had lost control of the territory in the Battle of Lake Erie and the Thames Battle in 1813, where Tecumseh was killed. England then left the Indians in the south of the lake. The Indians were big losers in the War of 1812. Despite the short Black Hawk War of 1832, the days of Indian warfare east of the Mississippi River had come to an end.
Yankees and ethnocultural politics
Yankee settlers from New England began to arrive in Ohio before the 1800s, and spread throughout the northern half of the Midwest. Most of them started out as farmers, but then larger proportions moved to cities and towns as businessmen, businessmen, and urban professionals. Since the early 1830s, Chicago has grown to dominate the metropolitan city landscape in the Midwestern for more than a century.
Historian John Bunker has examined the world view of Yankee settlers in the Midwest:
Because they arrived earlier and had a strong sense of community and mission, the Yankees were able to transplant New England institutions, values, and customs, altered only by the conditions of border life. They established a public culture that emphasizes work ethics, the sanctity of private property, individual responsibility, faith in housing and social mobility, practicality, piety, public order and courtesy, respect for public education, activists, honest and frugal government, , and he believes that there is a public interest that goes beyond special ambitions and sticks. Regarding themselves as elected and only in a world filled with sin, air, and corruption, they sense a strong moral obligation to define and enforce community standards and personal behavior.... This pietistic worldview is substantially shared by the British, Scandinavians, Swiss Reformed Immigrants, British-Canadians and Dutch, as well as by German Protestants and many of the Forty Eight.
Western Western politics complained of the Yankees against German Catholics and Lutherans, often led by Irish Catholics. These large groups, Buenker argued:
It generally follows work ethics, a strong sense of community, and an activist government, but is less committed to economic individualism and privatism and fiercely opposes government oversight of personal habits. Southern and eastern European immigrants are generally more inclined to the German view of things, while modernization, industrialization, and urbanization change almost everyone about individual economic responsibility and provide premiums to organizations, political engagement, and education.
Development of transport
Water channel
Three waterways became important for Midwest development. The first and foremost is the Ohio River, which flows into the Mississippi River. The development of the area was halted until 1795 due to Spanish control of the southern portion of Mississippi and its refusal to allow the delivery of American crops along the river and into the Atlantic Ocean.
The second waterway is a network of routes within the Great Lakes. The opening of the Erie Canal in 1825 completed an all-water shipping route, more directly than Mississippi, to New York and the port of New York City. In 1848, the Illinois and Michigan Canals broke the division of the continent that included the Chicago Portage and connected the Great Lakes waters with those from the Mississippi Valley and the Gulf of Mexico. Lakeport and the river city grew to handle this new shipping route. During the Industrial Revolution, the lake became a conduit for iron ore from the Minnesota Mesabi Range to steel mills in the Mid-Atlantic countries. The Saint Lawrence Seaway (1862, expanded 1959) opened the Midwest to the Atlantic Ocean.
The third waterway, the Missouri River, extends the water journey from Mississippi almost to the Rocky Mountains.
In the 1870s and 1880s, the Mississippi River inspired two classic books - Mississippi Life and Huckleberry Finn - written by the original Missourian Samuel Clemens, who used the pseudonym Mark Twain. The stories are central to Midwestern knowledge. Twain's birthplace in Hannibal, Missouri, is a tourist attraction that offers glimpses into the Midwest of its time.
The inland canals in Ohio and Indiana are another important waterway, connected to Great Lakes and Ohio River traffic. The commodities that the Midwest supplies to the Erie Canal along the Ohio River contribute to the wealth of New York City, which goes beyond Boston and Philadelphia.
Railways and cars
During the mid-19th century, this region got its first rail line, and the railroad crossing in Chicago became the largest in the world. During that century, Chicago became the center of the national railway. In 1910, more than 20 trains operated passenger services from six different city center terminals. Even today, a century after Henry Ford, six Class I railroads meet in Chicago.
In the period 1890-1930, many Midwestern towns were connected by electric interurban trains, similar to trams. The Midwest has more interagencies than any other region. In 1916, Ohio led all countries with 2,798 miles (4,503 km), Indiana followed by 1,825 miles (2,937 km). Both countries have nearly one-third of cross-country tracking in the country. The largest interurban intersection in the country is in Indianapolis. During the 1900s (decades), the growth of 38 percent of the city's population was largely due to interurban.
Competition with cars and buses damages the business of inter-city and other railway passengers. In 1900, Detroit was the center of the automotive industry, and soon almost every city within 200 miles produced auto parts supplying to giant factories.
In 1903, Henry Ford founded the Ford Motor Company. Ford's manufacturing - and automotive pioneers William C. Durant, Dodge's brothers, Packard, and Walter Chrysler - established Detroit's status in the early 20th century as the world's automotive capital. The growing business creates synergies that also encourage truck manufacturers like Rapid and Grabowsky.
The growth of the automotive industry is reflected in business changes across the Midwest and the country, with the development of garages for service vehicles and gas stations, as well as factories for spare parts and tires. Today, the larger Detroit remains home to General Motors, Chrysler, and Ford Motor Company.
American Civil War
Prohibition of slavery and Underground Railroad
The Northwest Ordinance region, comprised of the heart of the Midwest, was the first major area in the United States that prohibited slavery (North American United States freed slaves in the 1830s). The southern boundary of the region is the Ohio River, the border of freedom and slavery in American history and literature (see Uncle Tom's Temple by Harriet Beecher Stowe and Toni Morrison's Lover by Toni Morrison).
Midwest, in particular Ohio, provides major routes to the Underground Railroad, where Midwesterners help slaves free from the Ohio River crossing through their departure at Lake Erie to Canada. Created at the beginning of the 19th century, the Underground Railroad was at its peak between 1850 and 1860. An estimate indicates that in 1850, 100,000 slaves had fled through the Underground Railroad.
Underground Railway consists of meeting points, secret routes, transportation, and safe houses and assistance provided by abolitionist sympathizers. Individuals are often organized in independent small groups; This helps keep secrecy because people know some "stations" connect along the route, but know some details of their nearby areas. The escaped slaves will move north along the route from the one-way station to the other station. Although fugitives sometimes travel by boat or train, they usually travel on foot or by train.
This area was formed by the relative absence of slavery (except for Missouri), pioneer settlements, education in a free one-room public school, the democratic notion brought by American Revolutionary veterans, Protestantism and experiments, and agricultural wealth transported on the Ohio River. river boats, sailboats, canal boats, and railroad tracks.
Bleeding Kansas
The first violent conflict leading to the Civil War took place between two adjacent Midwestern states, Kansas and Missouri, which involved Free-Staters anti-slavery and pro-slavery "Border Ruffian" elements, taking place in the Kansas Territory and western border towns Missouri was between 1854 and 1858. The essence of the conflict was the question of whether Kansas would enter the Union as a free state or slave state. Thus, Kansas Bleeding is a proxy war between North and South people on the issue of slavery. The term "Bleeding Kansas" was coined by Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune ; the events he covered directly initiated the Civil War.
Moving an event that became known as "Bleeding Kansas" was the Kansas-Nebraska Act. The law creates the territory of Kansas and Nebraska, opening up new land that will aid the settlement therein, annul the Missouri Compromise, and allow settlers in these areas to determine through popular sovereignty whether to allow slavery within their boundaries. It is expected that the law will reduce the relationship between North and South, as the South can expand slavery to new territories, but North Korea still has the right to abolish slavery in its states. Instead, opponents denounced the law as a concession to the power of slaves in the South.
The new Republic Party, born in the Midwest (Ripon, Wisconsin, 1854) and was created in contravention of the Law, aimed at halting the expansion of slavery, and soon emerged as the dominant force throughout the North.
An idea that seems democratic, the sovereignty of the people declares that the inhabitants of each territory or state must decide whether it will be a free state or a slave; However, this resulted in mass immigration to Kansas by activists from both sides. At one point, Kansas had two separate governments, each with its own constitution, although only one was recognized by the federal government. On January 29, 1861, Kansas was accepted in the Union as an independent state, less than three months before the Battle of Fort Sumter officially started the Civil War.
The tranquility in Kansas was destroyed in May 1856 by two events that were often regarded as Civil War opening shots. On May 21, the city of Lawrence Free Land, Kansas, was fired by armed pro-slavery troops from Missouri. A few days later, Lawrence's dismissal caused the abolitionist John Brown and six of his followers to execute five people along the Pottawatomie River in Franklin County, Kansas, in retaliation.
The so-called "Border of War" lasted for four months, from May to October, between pro-slavery armed groups and Free Land men. The US Army has two garrisons in Kansas, First Cavalry Regiment at Fort Leavenworth and Second Dragoons and Sixth Infantry at Fort Riley. The dispute lasted until a new governor, John W. Geary, defeated the Missourians to return home at the end of 1856. A fragile peace event occurred, but the outbreak of violence continued intermittently for several more years.
The national reaction to events in Kansas shows how deep the country has become so deep. The Border Ruffians are widely valued in the South, though their actions have cost many lives. In the North, murder by Brown and his followers was neglected by most, and praised by some.
The civil conflict in Kansas is a product of political struggle over slavery. The federal forces were not used to decide a political question, but they were used by successive territorial governors to calm the territory so that the question of the politics of slavery in Kansas could finally be decided in a peaceful, legal, and political manner.
The election of Abraham Lincoln in November 1860 was the last trigger for secession by the Southern states. Compromise attempts, including "Corwin Amendment" and Crittenden Compromise , failed. Southern leaders fear that Lincoln will stop the expansion of slavery and bring it towards extinction.
The US federal government is supported by 20 largely free northern states where slavery has been abolished, and by five slave states known as border states. All the Midwestern states but one, Missouri, prohibit slavery. Although most of the fighting took place in the South, the battle between Kansas and Missouri continued to culminate with Lawrence Massacre on 21 August 1863. Also known as the Quantrill Attack, the massacre was a rebel insurgent attack by Quantrill's Raiders, led by William Clarke Quantrill, Union Lawrence, Kansas. Quantrill's group of 448 Missouri guerrillas raided and looted Lawrence, killing more than 150 and setting fire to all business buildings and most residences. Chased by federal troops, the band fled to Missouri.
Lawrence was targeted because of the city's long support for its abolition and its reputation as a center for Redlegs and Jayhawkers, a militia group and a vigilante group known for attacking and families in the western part of Missouri's pro-slavery state.
Immigration and industrialization
At the time of the American Civil War, European immigrants passed the East Coast of the United States to settle directly inland: German immigrants to Ohio, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Michigan, Illinois, Kansas, and Missouri; The Irish immigrants to the port cities of the Great Lakes, especially Chicago; Denmark, Czech, Sweden, and Norway to Iowa, Nebraska, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Dakotas; and Finland to Upper Michigan and northern/central Minnesota. Poles, Hungarians and Jews settled in the Midwestern cities.
The US was mostly in the countryside during the Civil War. The Midwest is no exception, filled with small farms throughout the region. The late nineteenth century saw industrialization, immigration and urbanization feeding the Industrial Revolution, and the heart of industrial dominance and innovation in the Great Lakes states of the Midwest, which had just begun its slow decline by the end of the 20th century.
A growing economy brings in people from rural communities and immigrants from abroad. The manufacturing and retail and financial sectors are becoming dominant, affecting the American economy.
In addition to manufacturing, printing, publishing, and food processing also play a major role in the largest economy in the Midwest. Chicago is the base of commercial operations for industrialist John Crerar, John Whitfield Bunn, Richard Teller Crane, Marshall Field, John Farwell, Julius Rosenwald, and many other commercial visionaries who laid the foundations for the Midwestern and global industries.
In the twentieth century, African American migration from the Southern United States to the Midwestern states changed Chicago, St. Louis, Cleveland, Milwaukee, Kansas City, Cincinnati, Detroit, Omaha, Minneapolis, and many other cities in the Midwest, as factories and schools lure families by thousands to new opportunities. Chicago alone gained hundreds of thousands of blacks from the Great Migration and the Second Big Migration.
Gateway Arch Monument in St. Petersburg Louis, coated stainless steel and built in the form of catenary arches, is the highest man-made monument in the United States, and the highest arch in the world. Built as a monument for expansion west of the United States, this is the centerpiece of the Gateway Arch National Park, known as the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial until 2018, and has become a symbol of St.. Louis and Midwest are internationally renowned..
German Americans
When the Midwest was opened to settlements via waterways and trains in the mid-1800s, Germany began to settle there in large numbers. The largest flow of German immigration to America occurred between 1820 and World War I, during which nearly six million Germans immigrated to the United States. From 1840 to 1880, they were the largest group of immigrants.
Midwestern Cities in Milwaukee, Cincinnati, St. Louis, and Chicago are preferred German immigrant destinations. In 1900, the population of the cities of Cleveland, Milwaukee, Hoboken, and Cincinnati were all more than 40 percent of German Americans. Dubuque and Davenport, Iowa, have a greater proportion; in Omaha, Nebraska, the proportion of German Americans was 57 percent in 1910. In many other cities in the Midwest, such as Fort Wayne, Indiana, German Americans account for at least 30 percent of the population. Many concentrations are obtained from typical names that show their heritage, such as Cincinnati's "Over-the-Rhine" district and "German Village" in Columbus, Ohio.
Favorite destination is Milwaukee, known as "the German Athens". The radical Germans trained in politics in the old country dominated the socialist city. Skilled workers dominate many handicrafts, while entrepreneurs create brewing industries; The most famous brands include Pabst, Schlitz, Miller, and Blatz.
While half of German immigrants settled in cities, the other half set up farms in the Midwest. From Ohio to Lowland countries, heavy attendance persists in rural areas up to the 21st century.
Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, German Americans showed a high interest in becoming farmers, and keeping their children and grandchildren on the ground. The western railway line, with large land grants available to attract farmers, setting up agents in Hamburg and other German cities, promises cheap transportation, and sale of farmland with ease. For example, Railroad Santa Fe hired its own commissioner for immigration, and sold over 300,000 acres (1,200 km 2 ) to German-speaking farmers.
History of the term Midwest
The term West was applied to this region in the early years of the country. In 1789, the Northwest Ordinance came into force, creating the Northwest Territory, which was bordered by the Great Lakes and Rivers of Ohio and Mississippi. Since the Northwest Territory lies between the East Coast and then-far-West, the countries carved out of it are called Northwest . At the beginning of the 19th century, anything west of the Mississippi River was regarded as Western. The first recorded use of the term Midwestern to refer to the central US region occurred in 1886, Midwest appeared in 1894, and Midwesterner in 1916.
After western grassland settlements, some consider the row of states from North Dakota to Kansas to become part of the Midwest.
The state of "Northwest" is now called "Middle East North United States" by the US Census Bureau and "Great Lakes region" is also a popular term. The states west of the Mississippi River and the Great Plains states are called "West North Central States" by the Census Bureau. Some entities in the Midwest are still referred to as "Northwest" for historical reasons (eg, Northwestern University in Illinois).
Economy
Agriculture and agriculture
Agriculture is one of the largest local economic drivers in the Midwest, contributing billions of dollars in exports and thousands of jobs. This area consists of some of the richest farmland in the world. The fertile soil in the region combined with steel plows has allowed farmers to produce wheat crops and cereal crops, including corn, wheat, soybeans, wheat, and barley, until now known as the "granary" of the nation.
Farms spread from the colonies to the west along with the settlers. In the cooler areas, wheat is often the crop of choice when new ground is completed, leading to a "wheat border" that moves westward for years. Also very common in the pre-war Midwest is corn farming while raising pigs, complementing each other mainly because it is difficult to get the grain to market before the canals and railways. Once the "wheat border" has passed through an area, more diverse farms including dairy cattle and cattle generally take their place.
The heavily populated land in the Midwest struck the first settlers using plowwood, which is more suitable for lush forests. In the meadow, the plows bounce and the ground sticks to them. This problem was solved in 1837 by an Illinois blacksmith named John Deere who developed a stronger steel moldboard plow and cut the roots, making the fertile soil of pasture ready for agriculture.
The tallgrass grassland has been transformed into one of North America's most intensive crop-producing areas. Less than one tenth of a percent (& lt; 0.09%) of the original land cover of the tallgrass grass biome remains. Previous countries with land cover on highgrass pristine grasslands such as Iowa, Illinois, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Nebraska, and Missouri have been rewarded because their land is highly productive and included in the Corn Belt. As an example of the intensity of land use, Illinois and Iowa ranks 49th and 50th of 50 states in total untapped land.
The introduction and widespread adoption of scientific farming since the mid-19th century contributed to economic growth in the United States. This development was facilitated by the Morrill Act and the Hatch Act of 1887 established in each state of a land grant university (with a mission to teach and study agriculture) and a federally funded system of agricultural experimental stations and a cooperative extension network that put the agent extension on every state. Iowa State University became the nation's first designated land-grant institution when the Iowa Legislature accepted the provisions of the 1862 Morrill Act on September 11, 1862, making Iowa the first country in the country to do so.
The Corn Belt is a region in the Midwest where corn has, since the 1850s, become the dominant plant, replacing the original high grass. The "Corn Belt" region is usually defined including Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, southern Michigan, western Ohio, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, southern Minnesota, and parts of Missouri. In 2008, the top four corn producing countries were Iowa, Illinois, Nebraska, and Minnesota, together accounting for over half the corn grown in the United States. The Corn Belt is also sometimes defined to include parts of South Dakota, North Dakota, Wisconsin, and Kentucky. This region is characterized by relatively flat soil and deep and fertile soil, which is high in organic matter.
Former Vice President Henry A. Wallace, a pioneer of hybrid seeds, declared in 1956 that the Corn Belt developed "the most productive agricultural cultivation ever in the world". Today, the US produces 40 percent of the world's crop.
Iowa produces the largest corn crop in any state. In 2012, Iowa farmers produce 18.3 percent of national maize, while Illinois produces 15.3 percent. In 2011, there were 13.7 million hectares of harvested wheat harvests, producing 2.36 billion bushels, producing 172.0 bu/acre, with corn production worth US $ 14.5 billion.
Soybean was not widely cultivated in the United States until the early 1930s, and in 1942, soybeans became the world's largest soybean producer, partly due to World War II and the "need for domestic sources of fat, oil and food". Between 1930 and 1942, the United States' share of world soybean production jumped from three percent to 46.5 percent, mostly due to the Midwest, and in 1969, has risen to 76 percent. Iowa and Illinois ranked first and second in the country in soybean production. In 2012, Iowa produced 14.5 percent, and Illinois produced 13.3 percent of national soybeans.
Wheat is produced throughout the Midwest and is the main cereal grain in the country. The US ranks third in wheat production volumes, with nearly 58 million tonnes produced in the 2012-2013 planting season, behind only China and India (combined production of all EU countries larger than China) The US ranks first in the agricultural sector. export volume; nearly 50 percent of the total wheat produced is exported.
The US Department of Agriculture defines eight official classes of wheat: durum wheat, wheat-red wheat, hard red winter wheat, soft red winter buckwheat, hard white wheat, soft white wheat, coarse grain, and whole wheat. Winter wheat accounts for 70 to 80 percent of total US production, with the largest number being produced in Kansas (10.8 million tons) and North Dakota (9.8 million tons). Of the total wheat produced in the country, 50 percent is exported, worth US $ 9 billion.
Midwestern states also lead the nation in other agricultural commodities, including pork (Iowa), beef and veal (Nebraska), dairy (Wisconsin), and chicken eggs (Iowa).
Financial
Chicago is the economic and financial heartbeat of the Midwest, and has the third largest gross metropolitan product in the United States - about $ 532 billion, according to 2010 estimates, after only urban agglomerations of New York City and Los Angeles, in first and second places, respectively. Chicago was named the fourth most important business center in the world in the MasterCard Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index. The 2017 Global Financial Center index puts Chicago as the fifth most competitive city in the country and twenty-four in the world.
The Chicago Board of Trade (founded 1848) records the first standardized "trade forward" forward contract, called a futures contract.
As a major financial center of the world, the city is home to the headquarters of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago (District Seven of the Federal Reserve). The city is also home to major financial and futures exchanges, including the Chicago Stock Exchange, the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE), and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange ("Merc"), which is owned, along with the Chicago Board of Trade. (CBOT) by Chicago CME Group. The CME Group, in addition, owns the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX), Commodities Exchange Inc. (COMEX), and the Dow Jones Index.
Culture
Religion
Like other parts of the United States, the Midwest is dominated by Christians.
The majority of Midwesterners are Protestant, with rates from 48 percent in Illinois to 63 percent in Iowa. However, the Roman Catholic Church is the largest single denomination, varying between 18 percent and 34 percent of the country's population. Lutherans are prevalent in the Upper Midwest, especially in Minnesota and Dakotas with their large Scandinavian and German populations. Southern Baptists make up about 15 percent of Missouri's population, but much smaller in other Midwestern states.
Judaism and Islam are collectively practiced by 2 percent of the population, with higher concentrations in large urban areas. 35 percent of Midwestern residents attend religious services every week, and 69 percent attend at least several times a year. Non-religious people make up 22 percent of the Midwest population.
Education
Many Midwestern universities, both public and private, are members of the Association of American Universities (AAU), a bi-national organization of prominent public and private research universities aimed at maintaining a strong academic and educational research system. Of the 62 members from the US and Canada, 16 are located in the Midwest, including private schools Case Western Reserve University, Northwestern University, the University of Chicago, and the University of Washington at St. Louis. Louis. AAU member public institutions include the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Indiana University Bloomington, University of Iowa, Iowa State University, University of Kansas, University of Michigan, Michigan State University, University of Minnesota, University of Missouri, Ohio State University, Purdue University, and University of Wisconsin -Madison.
Other state universities that are very intensive in research include the University of Cincinnati, the State University of Kansas, and the University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
Many state university systems have set up regional campuses across the state. A number of state teachers' colleges were upgraded to state universities after 1945.
Other notable private institutions include Notre Dame University, John Carroll University, Saint Louis University, Loyola University Chicago, DePaul University, Creighton University, Drake University, Marquette University, and Xavier University. Local amplifiers, usually with church affiliations, created many colleges in the mid-19th century. In terms of national rankings, the most prominent at this time include Carleton College, Denison University, DePauw University, Earlham College, Grinnell College, Hamline University, Kalamazoo College, Kenyon College, Knox College, Macalester College, Lawrence University, Oberlin College, St. Olaf College, Wheaton College, and College of Wooster.
Music
Heavy German immigration plays a major role in establishing musical traditions, especially choral music and orchestras. The Czech and German traditions are combined to sponsor polka.
African American migration from the South brings jazz to the Midwest, along with blues, and rock and roll, with major contributions to jazz, funk, and R & B, and even new subgenres such as the Motown Sound and techno from Detroit or the music houses of Chicago. In the 1920s, the Chicago South Side was the base for Jelly Roll Morton (1890-1941). Kansas City developed its own jazz style.
The Chicago blues voice electrification exemplifies the genre, as popularized by record labels Chess and Alligator and is depicted in films such as The Blues Brothers, Godfathers and Sons and Adventures in Babysitting .
Rock and roll music was first identified as a new genre in 1951 by Cleveland disc player Alan Freed who began playing this style of music while popularizing the term "rock and roll" to describe it. In the mid-1950s, rock and roll emerged as a music style defined in the United States, derived most directly from rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, developed independently of previous blues, boogie woogie, jazz, and swing music, as well influenced by the gospel, state and west, and traditional folk music. Freed's contribution in identifying rock as a new genre helped set up the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, located in Cleveland. Chuck Berry, a Midwesterner from St. Louis, was one of the first rock and roll artists to succeed and influence many other rock musicians.
Famous musician and R & amp; B associated with Motown who have their origins in the area including Aretha Franklin, The Supremes, Mary Wells, Four Tops, The Jackson 5, Smokey Robinson & Miracles, The Miracle of Stevie, The Marvelettes, The Temptations, and Martha and the Vandellas. These artists achieved their greatest success in the 1960s and 1970s. Michael Jackson, from Jackson 5, went on to have a very successful solo career from the 1970s to the 2000s. Known as "King of Pop", he became one of the best-selling solo artists of all time and the most valuable artist of all time. His sister, Janet Jackson, also had a very successful solo career in the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s.
In the 1970s and 1980s, Midwestern native musicians such as John Mellencamp and Bob Seger found great success with the style of rock music known as rock heartland, characterized by lyrical themes that focused on and attracted the Midwestern working class.. Another successful Midwestern rock artist appeared during this time, including REO Speedwagon, Styx, and Kansas.
In the 1990s, the Chicago-based band The Smashing Pumpkins appeared, and later became one of the most successful alternative rock artists of the decade. Also in the 1990s, the Midwest was at the center of the emerging emerging emo emo movement, with bands like The Get Up Kids (Missouri), Cursive (Nebraska), and Cap'n Jazz (Illinois) blending punk hard- core cores with more melodic indie rock sentiment. This hybrid style came to be known as the Midwest emo. Chicago-based Fall Out Boy and Plain White T artists popularized this genre at the beginning of the 21st century.
In the late 1990s, Eminem and Kid Rock emerged from the Detroit area. Eminem then became one of the most commercially successful and critical rappers of all time. Meanwhile, Kid Rock successfully mixed the elements of rap, hard rock, heavy metal, country rock, and pop in forming its own unique sound. Both artists are known to celebrate their Detroit roots.
House Music and Techno both rooted in Chicago and Detroit respectively in the mid to late 1980s. Home music producers such as Frankie Knuckles and Marshall Jefferson recorded early home music recordings at Chicago's Trax Records in Detroit, technological pioneers Juan Atkins, Derrick May, and Kevin Saunderson created a voice that, though largely ignored in America, became very popular in Europe..
Many classical music composers live and have lived in the middle-western states, including Easley Blackwood, Kenneth Gaburo, Salvatore Martirano, and Ralph Shapey (Illinois); Glenn Miller and Meredith Willson (Iowa); Leslie Bassett, William Bolcom, Michael Daugherty, and David Gillingham (Michigan); Donald Erb (Ohio); Dominick Argento and Stephen Paul (Minnesota). Also notable is Peter Schickele, born in Iowa and partly raised in North Dakota, best known for his classical music parody attributed to his alter ego P. D. Q. Bach.
Sports
Liga olah raga profesional seperti National Football League (NFL), Major League Baseball (MLB), National Basketball Association (NBA), National Hockey League (NHL) dan Major League Soccer (MLS) memiliki waralaba tim di beberapa kota Midwestern:
- Chicago: Bears (NFL), Cubs, White Sox (MLB), Bulls (NBA), Blackhawks (NHL), Fire SC (MLS)
- Cincinnati: Bengals (NFL), Reds (MLB), FC Cincinnati (MLS)
- Cleveland: Browns (NFL), Indian (MLB), Cavaliers (NBA)
- Columbus: Blue Jackets (NHL), Crew SC (MLS)
- Detroit: Lions (NFL), Tigers (MLB), Piston (NBA), Red Wings (NHL)
- Green Bay: Packers (NFL)
- Indianapolis: Colts (NFL), Pacers (NBA)
- Kansas City: Chiefs (NFL), Royals (MLB), Sporting (MLS)
- Milwaukee: Brewers (MLB), Bucks (NBA)
- Minneapolis-Saint Paul: Viking (NFL), Twins (MLB), Timberwolves (NBA), Liar (NHL), United FC (MLS)
- St. Louis: Cardinals (MLB), Blues (NHL)
Successful teams include St. Louis Cardinals (11 World Series titles), Cincinnati Reds (5 World Series titles), Chicago Bulls (6 NBA titles), Detroit Pistons (3 NBA titles), Green Bay Packers (4 Super Bowls, 13 NFL championships total), Detroit Red Wings (11 Stanley Cup titles), Detroit Tigers (4 World Series titles), and Chicago Blackhawks (6 Stanley Cup titles).
In the NCAA college sport, the Big Ten Conference and the Big 12 Conference showcase the greatest concentration of the Midwestern Midwestern Division football team and the men's and women's basketball teams in the region, including Illie Fighting Illinois, Indiana Hoosiers, Iowa Hawkeyes, Iowa State Cyclones, Kansas Jayhawks , Kansas State Wildcats, Michigan Wolverines, Michigan State Spartans, Minnesota Golden Gophers, Nebraska Cornhuskers, Northwestern Wildcats, Ohio State Buckeyes, Purdue Boilermakers, and Wisconsin Badgers.
Other notable Midwestern college sports teams include Butler Bulldogs, Cincinnati Bearcats, Creighton Bluejays, Dayton Flyers, Indiana State Sycamores, Marquette Golden Eagles, Milwaukee Panthers, Missouri Tigers, Missouri State Bears, Northern Illinois Huskies, North Dakota State Bison, Notre Dame Fighting Irish, Western Michigan Broncos, Wichita State Shockers, and Xavier Musketeers. From this second group of schools, Butler, Dayton, Indiana State and Missouri State did not play top-level college football (all played in Division II Division I FCS), and Creighton, Marquette, Milwaukee, Wichita State, and Xavier did not sponsor the same football once.
Milwaukee Mile hosted its first motor racing in 1903, and is one of the oldest tracks in the world. The Indianapolis Motor Speedway, opened in 1909, is a prestigious car racing track that annually hosts Indianapolis 500, Brickyard 400, and Indianapolis Motorcycle Grand Prix. Road America and Mid-Ohio road courses were opened respectively in the 1950s and 1960s. Other motorsport places in the Midwest are Indianapolis Raceway Park, Speedway International Michigan, Chicagoland Speedway, Kansas Speedway, Gateway International Raceway, and Iowa Speedway. Kentucky Speedway is outside the officially established Midwest area, but is connected to the area because it is located in the Cincinnati metropolitan area.
Well-known professional golf tournaments in the Midwest include WGC-Bridgestone Invitational, Memorial Tournament, BMW Championship and John Deere Classic.
Culture overlap
The differences in the Midwest definition are mainly split between the Great Plains region on one side, and the Great Lakes region on the other. While some point to small towns and agricultural communities in Kansas, Iowa, Dakotas, and Nebraska Great Plains as representatives of the Midwestern lifestyle and traditional values, others claim that the industrial cities of the Great Lakes - with their 19th history - and early-twentieth-century immigration, a strong manufacturing base, and Catholic influences - better represent the Midwestern experience. In South Dakota, for example, the West River (ba
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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