MacOS

src: cnet2.cbsistatic.com

macos ( ; previous Mac OS X and then OS X ) is a set of graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple Inc. since 2001. This is the main operating system for Apple's Mac computer family. In the desktop market, laptop and home computer, and by web usage, this is the second most used desktop OS, after Microsoft Windows.

macOS is the second major series of Macintosh operating systems. The first day-to-day is called the "classic" Mac OS, which was introduced in 1984, and its last release was Mac OS 9 in 1999. The first desktop version, Mac OS X 10.0, was released in March 2001, with the first update, 10.1 , arriving late in the year. After this, Apple started naming its release after a big cat, which lasted until OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion. Since OS X 10.9 Mavericks, the release is named after a landmark in California. Apple shortened its name to "OS X" in 2012 and then converted it to "macOS" by 2016, adopting the nomenclature they use for other operating systems, iOS, watchOS, and tvOS. The latest version is the Sierra High macOS, which was released publicly in September 2017.

Between 1999 and 2009, Apple sold a series of separate operating systems called Mac OS X Server. Initial version, MacÃ, OSÃ, X Server 1.0, was released in 1999 with a user interface similar to Mac OS 8.5. After this, the new version was introduced simultaneously with the desktop version of Mac OS X . Starting with Mac OS X 10.7 Lion, server functions are made available as separate packages on the Mac App Store.

macOS is based on a technology developed between 1985 and 1997 in NeXT, a company founded by Apple founder Steve Jobs after leaving the company. The "X" in Mac OS X and OS X are Roman numerals for number 10 and pronounced as such. X was a prominent part of the identity and marketing of the operating system brand in its early years but gradually subsided in fame since the release of Snow Leopard in 2009. UNIX 03 certification was achieved for Intel Mac OS X version 10.5 Leopard and all releases from Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard to the current version also has UNIX 03 certification. MacOS shares its Unix-based core, named Darwin, and many frameworks with iOS, tvOS and watchOS. A highly modified version of Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger is used for the first generation of Apple TV.

The release of Mac OS X from 1999 to 2005 can only run on PowerPC-based Macs from that time period. After Apple announced that they switched to Intel CPUs from 2006 onwards, a separate version of Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger was created and distributed exclusively with early Intel-based Macs; it includes an emulator known as Rosetta, which allows users to run most PowerPC applications on Intel-based Macs. Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard is the only release to be built as a universal binary, meaning that the installer disc supports Intel and PowerPC processors. Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard is the first release available exclusively for Intel-based Macs. In 2011, Apple released the Mac OS X 10.7 Lion, which no longer supports Intel 32-bit processors and also does not include Rosetta. All versions of the system released since then run exclusively on 64-bit Intel CPUs and do not support PowerPC applications.

Video MacOS

Histori

Development

The legacy of what will become a macOS comes from NeXT, a company founded by Steve Jobs after his departure from Apple in 1985. There, a Unix-like NeXTSTEP operating system was developed, and then launched in 1989. The kernel of NeXTSTEP is based on the kernel Mach, originally developed at Carnegie Mellon University, with additional kernel layers and low-level user space code derived from the BSD section. The graphical user interface is built on an object-oriented GUI toolkit using the Objective-C programming language.

Throughout the early 1990s, Apple has been trying to create a "next generation" OS to replace its classic Mac OS through Taligent, Copland and Gershwin projects, but everything is finally abandoned. This led Apple to buy NeXT in 1996, allowing NeXTSTEP, which was then called OPENSTEP, to serve as a basis for Apple's next-generation operating system. This purchase also led to Steve Jobs returning to Apple as an interim, and then a permanent CEO, herding a friendly OPENSTEP transformer programmer into a system that would be adopted by the primary market of home users and creative professionals of Apple. The project is the first code named "Rhapsody" and then officially named Mac OS X.

Mac OS X

Launch of Mac OS X

Mac OS X was originally presented as the tenth major version of Apple's operating system for Macintosh computers; macOS version currently maintains the main version number "10". Previous Macintosh operating systems (classic Mac OS versions) are named using Arabic numerals, such as with Mac OS 8 and Mac OS 9. The "X" letter in Mac OS X names refers to the number 10, the Roman numerals. Therefore it is correctly pronounced "ten" in this context. However, this is also commonly spoken like the letter "X" .

The first version of Mac OS X, Mac OS X Server 1.0, is a transitional product, featuring an interface that resembles a classic Mac OS, even though it's not compatible with software designed for older systems. The consumer release of Mac OS X includes more backward compatibility. Mac OS applications can be rewritten to run natively through the Carbon API; many can also be run directly through the Classical Environment with reduced performance.

The consumer version of Mac OS X was launched in 2001 with Mac OS X 10.0. Reviews are variable, with extensive praise for the sophisticated and shiny Aqua interface but criticizing it for sluggish performance. With Apple's low popularity, makers of some classic Mac apps such as FrameMaker and PageMaker declined to develop new versions of their software for Mac OS X.

Ars Technica columnist John Siracusa, who reviewed every major OS X released up 10.10, describes early releases in retrospect as 'dog-slow, feature poor' and Aqua as 'unbelievably slow slowness and great resources'.

After release

Apple quickly developed several new releases from Mac OS X. Siracusa's review of version 10.3, Panther, noted, "It's weird for years of uncertainty and vaporware to be a stable yearly supply of large new operating system releases." Version 10.4, Tiger, reportedly surprised the executives at Microsoft by offering a number of features, such as fast file search and better graphics processing, that Microsoft has spent several years struggling to add Windows with acceptable performance.

As the operating system evolves, it moves away from the classic Mac OS, with apps being added and removed. Considering music to be a major market, Apple developed an iPod music player and music software for the Mac, including iTunes and GarageBand. Targeting consumer and media markets, Apple emphasizes new "digital lifestyle" apps like iLife suite, integrated home entertainment through Front Row media center and Safari web browser. With the increasing popularity of the internet, Apple offers additional online services, including.Mac, MobileMe and iCloud latest products. It then starts selling third-party apps through the Mac App Store.

The newer Mac OS X versions also include modifications to the common interface, moving away from striped gloss and initial version transparency. Some apps start using brushed metal displays, or non-pinstriped titlebar views in version 10.4. At Leopard, Apple announced the unification of the interface, with a standard gradient gray window style.

In 2006, the first Intel Mac was released using a special version of Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger.

The main development for the system is iPhone announcement and release from 2007 onwards. While Apple's previous iPod media player used a minimal operating system, the iPhone uses an operating system based on Mac OS X, which would later be called "iPhone OS" and then iOS. The simultaneous release of two operating systems based on the same framework puts a strain on Apple, which calls the iPhone as forcing it to delay Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard. However, after Apple opened the iPhone to third-party developers, its commercial success attracted attention to Mac OS X, with many iPhone software developers showing interest in Mac development.

In 2007, Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard was the only release with a universal binary component, allowing installation on both Intel Macs and selecting PowerPC Macs. This is also a final release with PowerPC Mac support. Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard is the first version of OS X created specifically for Intel Macs, and the final release with Intel 32-bit Mac support. The name is meant to signal its status as Leopard iteration, focusing on technical improvements and performance rather than features facing users; indeed it was explicitly stamped to the developers as the release of 'no new features'. Since its release, some OS X or macOS releases (ie OS X Mountain Lion, OS X El Capitan and MacOS High Sierra) follow this pattern, with a name derived from its predecessor, similar to the 'tick-tock model' used by Intel.

In two successful versions, Lion and Mountain Lion, Apple moved several applications into a highly skeuomorphic design style inspired by contemporary iOS versions, while simultaneously simplifying some elements by making controls like scroll bars fade when not in use. This direction, like brushed metal interfaces, is unpopular with some users, though it continues the larger animation trends and variations in interfaces that were previously seen in aspects of design such as Time Machine backup utility, presented over the file versions of swirling nebulae, and a transparent pier from Leopard and Snow Leopard. In addition, with Mac OS X 10.7 Lion, Apple stopped releasing a separate server version of Mac OS X, selling server tools as a separate downloadable app via the Mac App Store. A review illustrates the trend in server products as "cheaper and easier... shifting its focus from big business to small."

OS X

In 2012, with the release of OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion, the name of this system was shortened from Mac OS X to OS X. That year, Apple removed the OS X development head, Scott Forstall, and the design was changed in the direction of a more minimal direction. Apple's new user interface design, using deep color saturation, only text buttons and a minimal 'flat' interface, was first launched with iOS 7 in 2013. With OS X engineers reportedly working on iOS 7, a version released in 2013 , OS X 10.9 Mavericks, is something of a transitional release, with some skeuomorphic design removed, while most of the Mavericks common interface remains unchanged. The next version, OS X 10.10 Yosemite, adopts a design similar to iOS 7 but with greater complexity that is suitable for mouse-controlled interfaces.

Starting 2012 and beyond, the system has switched to an annual release schedule similar to iOS. It also continues to trim the cost of updates from Snow Leopard and beyond, before removing all upgrade costs from 2013 onwards. Several reporters and third-party software developers have stated that this decision, while allowing faster feature releases, means fewer opportunities to focus on stability, without the recommended OS X version for users requiring stability and performance over new features. The Apple 2015 update, OS X 10.11 El Capitan, was announced for a special focus on improving stability and performance.

macOS

In 2016, with Sierra's 10.12 Sierra release, the name was changed from OS X to macOS to streamline it with branding of other major Apple operating systems: iOS, watchOS, and tvOS. macOS 10.12 Sierra's main features are Siri's introduction to macOS, Optimized Storage, enhancements for included apps, and greater integration with Apple's iPhone and Apple Watch. The Apple File System (APFS) was announced at the Worldwide Apple Developer Conference in 2016 in lieu of HFS, a highly criticized file system. At the 2017 Worldwide Developer Conference, Apple previewed MacOS 10.13 Sierra Tinggi. Using APFS instead of HFS, on solid state hard disk.

Maps MacOS

Architecture

On macOS's core is a POSIX compliant operating system built on the XNU kernel, with standard Unix facilities available from the command line interface. Apple has released this family software as an open source and free operating system called Darwin. On top of Darwin, Apple installed a number of components, including the Aqua interface and Finder, to complement the GUI-based operating system which is a macOS.

With an initial introduction as Mac OS X, the system presents a number of new capabilities to provide a more stable and reliable platform than its predecessor, the classic Mac OS. For example, multitasking protection and pre-emptive memory increase the system's ability to run multiple applications simultaneously without interrupting or destroying each other. Many aspects of the macOS architecture come from OPENSTEP, designed for portables, to facilitate the transition from one platform to another. For example, NeXTSTEP is ported from the original NeXT 68k workstation to x86 and other architectures before NeXT was purchased by Apple, and OPENSTEP was then ported to the PowerPC architecture as part of the Rhapsody project.

Prior to the Sierra mac macOS, and on drives other than solid state drives (SSD), the default file system is HFS, which is inherited from the classic Mac OS. Operating system designer Linus Torvalds has criticized HFS, saying it is "probably the worst file system ever", whose design is "actively corrupting user data". He criticized the case file name incompetence, the design became worse when Apple expanded the file system to support Unicode. Initially, HFS was designed for classic Mac OS, which runs on 68K and PowerPC big-endian systems. When Apple redirects the Macintosh to a small-endian Intel processor, Apple continues to use the big-endian byte command in the HFS file system. As a result, macros on a Mac currently have to swap bytes when reading file system data. This issue is being handled with the new Apple File System, which is used for file systems on SSDs in the Sierra High macOS.

The Darwin subsystem in macOS is responsible for managing the file system, which includes the Unix permissions layer. In 2003 and 2005, two Macworld editors expressed criticism of the permit scheme; Ted Landau calls misconfigured permissions the most common "frustration" in macOS, while Rob Griffiths suggests that some users may even have to reset the permissions every day, a process that can take up to 15 minutes. Recently, another Macworld editor, Dan Frakes, called the overuse of licensing procedures. He argues that macos usually handles permissions correctly without user intervention, and rearranging permissions should only be attempted when problems arise.

MacOS architecture combines layered design: layered frameworks help rapid application development by providing existing code for common tasks. Apple provides its own software development tool, the most prominent is the integrated development environment called Xcode. Xcode provides an interface to the compiler that supports multiple programming languages ​​including C, C, Objective-C, and Swift. For the Apple-Intel transition, it is modified so developers can build their applications as universal binaries, providing compatibility with both Intel-based and PowerPC-based Macintosh lines. First-party and third-party applications can be programmatically controlled using the AppleScript framework, which is stored from classic Mac OS, or using newer Automator applications that offer pre-written tasks that do not require programming knowledge.

Software compatibility

Apple offers two major APIs to develop software natively for macOS: Cocoa and Carbon. Cocoa is a descendant of the APIs inherited from OPENSTEP without ancestry from classic Mac OS, while Carbon is an adaptation of the classic Mac OS API, allowing Mac software to be rewritten minimally in order to run natively on Mac OS X.

Cocoa API was created as a result of the 1993 collaboration between NeXT Computer and Sun Microsystems. This legacy is very visible to Cocoa developers, since the prefix "NS" is ubiquitous in the framework, standing in various ways for N eXT S TEP or N eXT/ S un. The official OPENSTEP API, published in September 1994, was the first to break the API between Foundation and ApplicationKit and the first using the "NS" prefix. Traditionally, Cocoa programs are mostly written in Objective-C, with Java as an alternative. However, on July 11, 2005, Apple announced that "features added to Cocoa on Mac OS X versions over 10.4 will not be added to the Java-Cocoa programming interface." macOS is also used to support Java Platform as "preferred software package" - in practice this means that applications written in Java fit as neatly into the operating system as possible while still being cross-platform compatible, and graphical user interfaces written in Swing looks almost exactly like the original Cocoa interface. Since 2014, Apple has been promoting Swift's new programming language as the language of choice for software development on the Apple platform.

Apple's initial plan with macOS was to require all developers to rewrite their software into the Cocoa API. This has caused much protest among existing Mac developers, who threatened to leave the platform rather than invest in expensive rewrites, and the idea was suspended. To enable a smooth transition from Mac OS 9 to Mac OS X, the Carbon Application Programming Interface (API) was created. Applications written with Carbon can initially run natively on Mac OS and Mac OS X classics, though this capability is later downgraded when Mac OS X is developed. Carbon is not included in the first product sold as Mac OS X: a slightly used original release from Mac OS X Server 1.0, which also does not include the Aqua interface. Apple limits further development of Carbon from Leopard release and beyond, announces the Carbon application will not accept the ability to run on 64-bit. A number of macOS applications continue to use Carbon for some time afterwards, especially those with inheritance dating back to classic Mac OS and updates that will be difficult, uneconomical or unnecessary. These include Microsoft Office through Office 2016, and Photoshop to CS5. Early versions of macOS can also run some classic Mac OS applications through the Classical Environment with performance restrictions; This feature has been removed from 10.5 onwards and all Macs use Intel processors.

Because macOS is POSIX compliant, many software packages written for other Unix-like systems including Linux can be recompiled to run on it, including many scientific and technical software. Third party projects such as Homebrew, Fink, MacPorts, and pkgsrc provide pre-compiled or pre-formatted packages. Apple and others have provided a version of the X Window System graphical interface that allows this app to run with the approximate look and feel of macOS. The current Apple-endorsed method is the open-source XQuartz project; previous versions can use the X11 app provided by Apple, or before that XDarwin project.

Applications can be distributed to the Mac and installed by users from any source and by any method such as downloading (with or without code signing, available via Apple developer account) or via Mac App Store, Apple's software market managed by Apple require company approval. Applications installed through the Mac App Store run in sandboxes, limiting their ability to exchange information with other apps or modify the core operating system and its features. This has been cited as an advantage, by allowing users to install apps with confidence that they should not be able to damage their system but also as a disadvantage for blocking the use of Mac App Store for professional applications that require high privileges. Unsigned apps of any code can not be run by default except from a computer administrator account.

Apple produces macOS apps, some of which are included and some are sold separately. These include iWork, Final Cut Pro, Logic Pro, iLife, and FileMaker database applications. Many other developers also offer software for macOS.

Hardware compatibility

Tools like XPostFacto and patches applied to installation media have been developed by third parties to allow for the installation of newer versions of macOS on systems not officially supported by Apple. These include a number of Pre-G3 Power Macintosh systems that can be built to run up to and include Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar, all G3-based Macs that can run up to and including Tiger, and sub-867 MHz G4 Macs can run Leopard by removing restrictions from DVD install or enter a command in the Open Firmware Mac interface to notify the Leopard Installer that it has a clock rate of 867 MHz or greater. Except for features that require specific hardware such as graphics acceleration or DVD writing, the operating system offers the same functionality on all supported hardware.

Since most Mac hardware components, or similar components, because Intel transitions are available for purchase, some technically capable groups have developed software to install macOS on non-Apple computers. These are referred to as Hackintoshes, the portmanteau of the word "hack" and "Macintosh". This violates the Apple EULA (and is therefore not supported by Apple's technical support, warranties, etc.), but communities that serve private users, who do not install for resale and profits, are generally ignored by Apple. These self-made computers allow for more flexibility and hardware adjustments, but at the cost of leaving users more responsible for their own machines, such as data integrity or security issues. Psystar, a business that tries to profit from selling macos on hardware that does not have Apple certificates, was sued by Apple in 2008.

PowerPC-Intel Transition

In April 2002, eWeek announced a rumor that Apple has a Mac OS X code version named Marklar, which runs on Intel x86 processors. The idea behind Marklar is to keep Mac OS X running on an alternative platform if Apple becomes dissatisfied with the progress of the PowerPC platform. The rumors subsided until the end of May 2005, when various media, such as The Wall Street Journal and CNET, announced that Apple would unveil the Marklar in the coming months.

On June 6, 2005, Steve Jobs announced in his keynote speech at the annual Apple Worldwide Developer Conference that Apple will make the transition from PowerPC to Intel processors over the next two years, and that Mac OS X will support both platforms during the transition. Jobs also confirmed rumors that Apple has a Mac OS X version running on Intel processors for most of its development life. The Intel-based Mac will run a new version of OS X compilation along with Rosetta, a binary translation layer that enables the software to be compiled for PowerPC Mac OS X to run on Intel Mac OS X machines. The system is included with Mac OS X versions up to version 10.6.8. Apple dropped support for Classic mode on the new Intel Mac. Third party emulation software such as Mini vMac, Basilisk II and SheepShaver provide support for some early versions of Mac OS. The new version of Xcode and the underlying command line compiler support the creation of universal binaries that will run on either architecture.

PowerPC-powered software is supported with Apple's official emulation software, Rosetta, although the application must eventually be rewritten to run well on newer versions released for Intel processors. Apple initially encouraged developers to produce universal binaries with support for PowerPC and Intel. There is a performance penalty when PowerPC binaries run on Intel Macs via Rosetta. In addition, some PowerPC software, such as kernel extensions and the System Preferences plugin, are not supported on Intel Macs at all. Some PowerPC applications will not run on macOS at all. The Safari plugins must be compiled for the same platform as Safari, so when Safari is run on Intel, this plugin requires plug-ins that have been compiled as Intel-only or universal binaries, so the PowerPC plug-in alone will not work. While Intel Macs are capable of running PowerPC, Intel, and universal binaries; PowerPC Macs support only universal build and PowerPC.

Support for PowerPC platforms dropped after transition. In 2009, Apple announced at the Worldwide Developer Conference that Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard will drop support for PowerPC processors and only for Intel. Rosetta continues to be offered as an optional download or installation option in Snow Leopard before being discontinued with Mac OS X 10.7 Lion. In addition, new versions of Mac OS X software first and third parties increasingly require Intel processors, including new versions of iLife, iWork, Aperture, and Logic Pro.

src: cdn3.macworld.co.uk

Features

Aqua user interface

One of the main differences between the classic Mac OS and the current macOS is the addition of Aqua, a graphical user interface with water-like elements, in the first major release of Mac OS X. Any window, text, graphics, or widgets elements are drawn on the screen using spatial anti- aliasing. ColorSync, a technology introduced years earlier, has been upgraded and built into the core image engine, to provide color matching for print and multimedia professionals. In addition, drop shadows are added around the window and an isolated text element to give a sense of depth. Newly integrated interface elements, including sheets (dialog boxes attached to specific windows) and drawers, which will scroll out and provide options.

The use of soft edges, transparent colors and pin lines, similar to the first iMac hardware design, brings more texture and color to the user interface when compared to the Mac OS 9 "Platinum" view and Mac OS X Server 1.0 has been offered. According to Siracusa, the introduction of Aqua and its departure from the conventional look then "hit like a ton of bricks." Bruce Tognazzini (who founded Apple Human Interface Group) said that the Aqua interface on Mac OS X 10.0 represents a step back in usability compared to the original Mac OS interface. Third-party developers begin producing leather for customizable applications and other operating systems that mimic Aqua's appearance. To some extent, Apple has used a successful transition to this new design as leverage, to various legal actions that threaten people who create or distribute software with an interface that the company says comes from copyrighted design.

Apple continues to change the look and design aspects of macOS, especially with tweaks to the window display and menu bar. Since 2012, Apple has sold many of its Mac models with high resolution Retina screens, and its macos and APIs have extensive support for the development of independent resolutions in support of high-resolution screens. Reviewers have described Apple's support for technology that is superior to Windows.

The human interface guidelines published by Apple for macOS are followed by many applications, giving them a consistent user interface and keyboard shortcuts. In addition, new services for apps are included, which includes spellcheck and grammar checkers, special character palettes, color selector, font selector and dictionary; This global feature is present in every Cocoa application, adding to consistency. The OpenGL graphics system brings together windows to the screen to allow images with hardware acceleration. This technology, introduced in version 10.2, is called Quartz Extreme, a component of Quartz. Quartz's internal imaging model correlates well with the Portable Document Format (PDF) imaging model, making it easy to display PDFs to multiple devices. As a by-product, PDF viewing and PDF document creation from any app is a default feature. Reflecting its popularity with design users, macOS also has system support for various professional video and image formats and includes an extensive pre-installed font library, featuring many prominent brand-name designs.

Components

Finder is a browser file that allows quick access to all areas of the computer, which has been modified throughout the next release of macOS. Quick Look is part of the Finder since version 10.5. This allows for the preview of dynamic files, including video and multi-page documents without opening other applications. Spotlight, a file search technology that has been integrated into the Finder since version 10.4, enables real-time search of real-time data files; mail messages; photo; and other information based on property of goods (metadata) and/or content. macOS takes advantage of Dock, which stores shortcut files and folders as well as minimized windows.

Apple added "ExposÃÆ'Â ©" in version 10.3 (called Mission Control since version 10.7), a feature that includes three functions to help accessibility between windows and desktops. Its function is to quickly display all open windows as thumbnails for easy navigation to various tasks, show all open windows as thumbnails of the current app, and hide all windows to access the desktop. Also, FileVault is introduced, which is an optional encryption of user files with 128-bit Advanced Encryption Standard (AES-128).

Features introduced in version 10.4 include Automator, an application designed to create automated workflows for different tasks; Dashboard, a collection of small, full-screen apps called desktop widgets that can be dialed and closed in one tap; and Front Row, media viewer interface accessed by Apple Remote. Additionally, Sync Services is included, which is a system that allows applications to access expandable centralized databases for various user data elements, including calendars and contact items. The operating system then manages conflicting editing and data consistency.

All system icons can be upgraded to 512 Ã- 512 pixels in version 10.5 to accommodate places where they appear in larger sizes, including for example Cover Flow views, a three-dimensional graphical user interface included with iTunes, Finder, and more. Apple products for visualization through digital media files and libraries through cover artwork. The version also introduces Spaces, a virtual desktop implementation that allows users to have more than one desktop and display them in an interface similar to ExposÃÆ'Â ©; an automated backup technology called Time Machine, which provides the ability to view and restore versions of previous app files and data; and Screen Sharing was built for the first time.

In the latest release, Apple has developed support for emoji characters by including the Apple Color Emoji font. Apple has also connected macos with social networks like Twitter and Facebook through the addition of share buttons for content such as images and text. Apple has brought several apps and features that initially debuted on iOS, the mobile operating system, to macOS in the latest release, especially Siri's smart personal assistant, introduced in version 10.12 from macOS.

Multilingual support

There are 34 system languages ​​available in macOS for users during installation; system language is used throughout the operating system environment. The input method for typing in dozens of scripts can be selected separately from the system language. Recent updates have added increased support for Chinese characters and interconnections with popular social networks in China.

Update method

macOS can be updated using the Mac App Store app or the softwareupdate command line utility. Until OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion, a separate Software Update application performs this function. In Mountain Lion and later, these are incorporated into the Mac App Store app, although the underlying update mechanism remains unchanged and fundamentally different from the download mechanism used when buying App Store apps.

src: scratch-web-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com

Releasing history

^{Note 1} PowerMac G5 has a special Jaguar building.

^{Note 2} Tiger does not support 64-bit GUI applications, just a 64-bit CLI app.

^{Note 3} The 32-bit PowerPC application is supported on Intel processors with Rosetta.

With the exception of Mac OS X Server 1.0 and the original public beta, OS X versions were named from big cats to OS X 10.9 Mavericks, when Apple switched to using California locations. Before it was released, Mac OS X 10.0 was a code called "Cheetah" internally on Apple, and Mac OS X 10.1 was code named internally as "Puma". After a big buzz around Mac OS X 10.2, codenamed "Jaguar", Apple's product marketing began openly using code names to promote the operating system. Mac OS X 10.3 is marketed as "Panther", Mac OS X 10.4 as "Macan", Mac OS X 10.5 as "Leopard", Mac OS X 10.6 as "Snow Leopard", Mac OS X 10.7 as "Lion" OS X 10.8 as "Mountain Lion", and OS X 10.9 as "Mavericks".

"Panther", "Tiger" and "Leopard" are listed as trademarks of Apple, but "Cheetah", "Puma" and "Jaguar" are never registered. Apple has also registered "Lynx" and "Cougar" as trademarks, although this is allowed to expire. Tiger Direct's computer retailer sued Apple for using the name "Tiger". On May 16, 2005, a US federal court in the Southern District of Florida ruled that Apple's use did not violate the Tiger Direct trademark.

Mac OS X Public Beta

On September 13, 2000, Apple released a $ 29.95 "preview" version of Mac OS X internally with the codename Kodiak to get feedback from users.

The "PB", as it is known, marks the first public availability of the Aqua interface and Apple makes many changes to the UI based on customer feedback. Mac OS X Public Beta ended and stopped functioning in Spring 2001.

Mac OS X 10.0 Cheetah

On March 24, 2001, Apple released Mac OS X 10.0 (internally coded cheetah). Early versions are slow, incomplete, and have very few apps available at launch, mostly from independent developers. While many critics state that the operating system is not ready for mainstream adoption, they recognize the importance of early launches as a basis for improving. Simply releasing Mac OS X was accepted by the Macintosh community as a major achievement, as efforts to completely overhaul the Mac OS have been going on since 1996, and are delayed by countless setbacks. After some bug fixes, kernel panic becomes less frequent.

Mac OS X 10.1 Puma

Later that year on September 25, 2001, Mac OS X 10.1 (internally named Puma) was released. It displays performance improvements and provides missing features, such as DVD playback. Apple released 10.1 as a free upgrade CD for 10.0 users, other than the $ 129 box version for people running Mac OS 9. It was found that the upgrade CD is a complete install CD that can be used with Mac OS 9 system by deleting specific files; Apple then re-releases the CD in an actual stripped-down format that does not facilitate installation on such systems. On January 7, 2002, Apple announced that Mac OS X would be the default operating system for all Macintosh products by the end of that month.

Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar

On August 23, 2002, Apple continued with Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar, the first release to use the code name as part of branding. It brings great raw performance improvements, a sleeker look, and much improved user interface (more than 150, according to Apple), including Quartz Extreme to combine graphics directly on an ATI Radeon or Nvidia GeForce2 MX AGP video card with at least 16 MB of VRAM, the entire system repository for contact information in the new Address Book, and an instant messaging client called iChat. The Happy Mac that had appeared during the startup sequence of Mac OS for nearly 18 years was replaced by a large gray Apple logo with the introduction of Mac OS X v10.2.

Mac OS X 10.3 Panther

Mac OS X v10.3 Panther was released on October 24, 2003. In addition to delivering far better performance, it also incorporated the most extensive updates to the user interface. Panther includes as many or more new features as Jaguar owned the previous year, including an updated Finder, incorporating brushed-metal interface, fast user switching, ExposÃÆ'Â © (Window manager), FileVault, Safari, iChat AV (which adds videoconferencing feature to iChat ), improved Portable Document Format (PDF) and Microsoft Windows interoperability. Support for some early G3 computers such as Power Mac and PowerBook "WallStreet" was discontinued.

Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger

Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger was released on April 29, 2005. Apple states that Tiger contains more than 200 new features. Like Panther, certain old machines are no longer supported; Tiger requires a Mac with 256Ã, MB and built-in FireWire port. Among the new features, Tiger introduces Spotlight, Dashboard, Smart Folders, an updated Mail program with Smart Mailboxes, QuickTime 7, Safari 2, Automator, VoiceOver, Core Image, and Video Core. The initial release of Apple TV uses a Tiger modified version with different graphical interfaces and fewer applications and services. On January 10, 2006, Apple released the first Intel-based Mac along with the 10.4.4 update for Tiger. This operating system works identically on PowerPC-based Macs and new Intel-based machines, with the exception of the less supportive Intel releases for the Classical environment.

Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard

Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard was released on October 26, 2007. This is called by Apple "the biggest update of Mac OS X". It carries over 300 new features. Leopard supports PowerPC-based and Intel x86-based Macintosh computers; support for G3 processors is dropped and G4 processors require a minimum clock rate of 867 MHz, and at least 512 MB of RAM to be installed. A single DVD works for all supported Macs (including 64-bit machines). New features include new look, updated Finder, Time Machine, Spaces, pre-installed Boot Camp, full support for 64-bit applications (including graphical apps), new features in Mail and iChat, and a host of new security features. Leopard is an Open Brand UNIX 03 product listed on the Intel platform. It was also the first BSD-based OS to receive UNIX 03 certification. Leopard dropped support for the Classical Environment and all Classic apps. It is the last version of Mac OS X to support the PowerPC architecture.

Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard

Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard was released on August 28, 2009. Instead of giving major changes to end-user appearance and functionality such as previous releases of Mac OS X , Snow Leopard focuses on "under the hood" changing, improving performance , efficiency, and stability of the operating system. For most users, the most striking changes are: disk space released by the operating system after a clean installation compared to Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard, a more responsive Finder rewritten in Cocoa, faster, more reliable and easier Time Machine backup used. disc out, a stronger version of the Preview app, and a faster Safari web browser. Snow Leopard only supports machines with Intel CPUs, requires at least 1 GB of RAM, and decreases default support for applications created for PowerPC architecture (Rosetta can be mounted as an additional component to maintain support for PowerPC-specific apps).

Snow Leopard also features new 64-bit technology capable of supporting larger amounts of RAM, improved support for multi-core processors through Grand Central Dispatch, and advanced GPU performance with OpenCL.

Update 10.6.6 introduces support for Mac App Store, Apple's digital distribution platform for macOS apps.

Mac OS X 10.7 Lion

Mac OS X 10.7 Lion was released on July 20, 2011. It brings developments made on iOS Apple, such as the easy-navigating display installed app called Launchpad and the use of larger multi-touch gestures, to the Mac. This release removes Rosetta, making it incompatible with PowerPC applications.

Changes made to the GUI include hiding auto scrollbars that only appear when used, and the Mission Control that brings together ExposÃÆ'Â ©, Spaces, Dashboard, and full-screen apps in one interface. Apple also made changes to the app: they continue in the same state as before they closed, similar to iOS. Documents are automatically saved by default.

OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion

OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion was released on July 25, 2012. Following Lion's release of the previous year, this is the first of the yearly and not biennial updates to OS X (and later macOS), which is also closely tied to the annual IOS operating system update. It combines some of the features seen in iOS 5, which includes Game Center, support for iMessage in the new Messages messaging app, and Reminders as a list app to do separately from iCal (renamed to Calendar, like iOS apps). It also includes support for saving iWork documents in iCloud. Notification Center, which debuted at Mountain Lion, is a desktop version similar to the one in iOS 5.0 and above. The pop-up app is now concentrated in the corner of the screen, and the Center itself is pulled from the right side of the screen. Mountain Lion also includes more Chinese features including support for Baidu as an option for Safari search engine, QQ, 163.com and 126.com services for Mail, Contact and Calendar, Youku, Tudou and Sina Weibo are integrated into the shares.

Starting with Mountain Lion, Apple software updates (including OS) are distributed through the App Store. This update mechanism replaces the Apple Software Update utility.

OS X 10.9 Mavericks

OS X 10.9 Mavericks released on October 22, 2013. This is a free upgrade to all users running Snow Leopard or later with an Intel 64-bit processor. The changes include the addition of Maps and iBooks of previous iOS-only apps, improved Notification Center, improvements to multiple apps, and many improvements under the hood.

OS X 10.10 Yosemite

OS X 10.10 Yosemite was released on October 16, 2014. It features a redesigned user interface similar to iOS 7, intended to display a more basic, text-based 'flat' design, with the use of translucent and highly saturated color effects. Apple features a new feature in Yosemite is Handoff, which allows users with iPhone running iOS 8.1 or later to answer phone calls, receive and send SMS messages, and finish unfinished iPhone email on their Mac. Starting OS X 10.10.3, Photos replaces iPhoto and Aperture.

OS X 10.11 El Capitan

OS X 10.11 El Capitan was released on September 30, 2015. Similar to Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard, Apple described this release as containing "enhancements to the Mac experience" and "improved system performance" rather than new features. Improvements include public transport built into the Maps application, GUI improvements in the Notes app, adopting San Francisco as a system font for clearer readability, and introduction of System Integrity Protection. The Metal API, first introduced in iOS 8, is also included in this operating system for "all Macs since 2012".

macOS 10.12 Sierra

macos 10.12 Sierra released to the public on September 20, 2016. New features include Siri addition, Optimized Storage, and updates for Photos, Messages, and iTunes.

macOS 10.13 Sierra High

macOS 10.13 Sierra High was released to the public on September 25, 2017. Like OS X El Capitan and OS X Mountain Lion, High Sierra is a fix-based update that has little new features. Sierra High uses the new Apple File System and includes enhancements for Safari, Photos, and Mail, among other changes.

macOS 10.14 Mojave

macOS 10.14 Mojave was announced on June 4, 2018 at the Apple WWDC event. It is currently scheduled for release in autumn 2018.

src: 9to5mac.files.wordpress.com

Reception

Share usage

In July 2016, macOS was the most active second-active, active-client client operating system used on the World Wide Web and Microsoft Windows, with a share of 4.90% usage according to statistics compiled by the Wikimedia Foundation. This is the second most widely used desktop operating system (for web browsing), after Windows, and is estimated to be around five times the use of Linux (which has 1.01%). Shared sharing generally continues to shift from desktop and into mobile operating systems like iOS and Android.

Malware and spyware

In previous years, Mac OS X enjoyed almost no type of malware and spyware that has affected Microsoft Windows users. macOS has a smaller share of usage compared to Windows, but also has a more traditional Unix root. Worms, as well as potential vulnerabilities, were recorded in 2006, causing some industry analysts and anti-virus companies issued a warning that Apple Mac OS X is not immune to malware. The increase in market share coincides with additional reports of various attacks. In early 2011, Mac OS X experienced a major increase in malware attacks, and malware such as Mac Defender, MacProtector, and MacGuard was seen as an increasing problem for Mac users. Initially, the malware installer asked the user to enter an administrative password, but a newer version can be installed without user input. Initially, Apple's support staff were instructed not to help remove malware or admit malware issues, but when malware spreads, a supporting document was released. Apple announced OS X update to fix the problem. An estimated 100,000 users are affected. Apple releases security updates for macOS regularly, as well as a signature file for Xprotect, the anti-malware features section of File Quarantine present since Mac OS X Snow Leopard.

Promotions

As a device company, most large-scale Apple promotions for macos have become part of the Mac sales, with the promotion of macOS updates generally focused on existing users, promotions on Apple Store and other retail partners, or through events for developers. In a larger-scale advertising campaign, Apple specifically promotes macOS as better to handle media and other home-based user applications, and compares Mac OS X (especially Tiger and Leopard versions) with the harsh criticism Microsoft has received for the awaited Windows Vista operating system -Wait.

src: support.apple.com

See also

src: media.idownloadblog.com

References

src: support.apple.com

External links

• Official website

Source of the article : Wikipedia