Flight simulator

src: www.ocls.info

flight simulator is a device that artificially re-creates aircraft flights and the environment in which it flies, for pilot training, design, or other purposes. This includes replicating the equations governing how airplanes, how they react to flight control applications, the effects of other aircraft systems, and how the aircraft reacts to external factors such as air density, turbulence, wind shear, clouds, precipitation, etc. Flight simulations are used for a variety of reasons, including flight training (mainly pilots), design and development of the aircraft itself, and aircraft characteristics research and controlling quality control.

Video Flight simulator

History of flight simulation

World's sponsorship of World War I (1914-18)

The training area is for air cannons that are handled by pilots or specialist air shooters. Shooting on a moving target requires aiming in front of the target (which involves a so-called angle) to allow the time it takes for the bullet to reach the target. This is sometimes also called "deflection shooting" and requires skill and practice. During World War I, several ground-based simulators were developed to teach these skills to new pilots.

The 1920s and 1930s

The most famous initial flight simulation device is Link Trainer, produced by Edwin Link in Binghamton, New York, USA, which he started up in 1927. He then patented his design, which was first sold in 1929. Link Trainer is a fly frame simulator base metal that is usually painted in the famous blue color. Some of the early war era aviator simulators still exist, but it becomes increasingly difficult to find examples of work.

The Link family in Binghamton produces pianos and player organs, and Ed Link is therefore familiar with components such as leather bellows and reed switches. He was also a pilot, but dissatisfied with the number of actual flight training available, he decided to build ground-based devices to provide such training without weather restrictions and the availability of aircraft and flight instructors. The design has a pneumatic motion platform driven by a blowing pitch that gives a pitch and roll cue. The vacuum motor is similar to that used on the piano player plays the platform, giving yaw cues. Generic replica cockpit with working instrument mounted on the motion platform. When the cockpit is closed, the pilot can practice flying with the instrument in a safe environment. The movement platform gives the pilot a gesture for real angle movement in pitch (up and down nose), roll (wings up or down) and yaw (left and right nose).

Initially, aviation flight schools showed little interest in "Link Trainers". Link also showed his trainer to the United States Air Force (USAAF), but without results. However, the situation changed in 1934 when the Air Force Air Force was given a government contract to fly postal mail. This includes having to fly in bad weather and also good, where USAAF previously did not do much training. During the first weeks of mail service, nearly a dozen Army pilots were killed. Army Air Force Hierarchy remembered Ed Link and his coach. The fly links to meet them at Newark Field in New Jersey, and they were impressed by his ability to arrive on a day with poor visibility, as he practiced on his training device. The result is that USAAF bought six Link Trainers, and this can be said to mark the start of the world's aviation simulation industry.

World War II (1939-1945)

The main pilot trainer used during World War II was the Link Trainer. Around 10,000 are produced to train 500,000 new pilots from allied countries, many in the US and Canada as many pilots are trained in those countries before returning to Europe or the Pacific to fly combat missions. Nearly all US Air Force pilots are trained in Link Trainers.

Different types of World War II trainers are used to navigate at night by the stars. The Celestial Navigation Trainer of 1941 was 13.7 m (45Ã, ft) tall and capable of accommodating a team of bomber crew navigators. This allows sextant to be used to take "star shots" from the projected night sky screen.

1945 to 1960s

In 1954, United Airlines purchased four flight simulators at a cost of $ 3 million from Curtiss-Wright that was similar to the previous model, with the addition of visual, sound, and movement. This is the first of the modern flight simulators currently for commercial aircraft.

Maps Flight simulator

Type of flight training device in service

Training for pilots

Several different devices are used in modern flight training. Trainer Cockpit Procedure (CPT) is used to train basic cockpit procedures, such as processing emergency checklists, and for cockpit introduction. Certain aircraft systems may or may not be simulated. Aerodynamic models are usually very generic if present at all.

src: www.frasca.com

Technology

Motion

A statistically significant assessment of skills transfer based on training on the simulator and leads to actual handling of aircraft is difficult, especially where motion cues are related. A large sample of pilot opinion is required and many subjective opinions tend to be aired, especially by pilots not used to make objective assessments and respond to structured test schedules. Over the years, it is believed that 6 motion-based DOF simulations provide a closer fidelity pilot to flight control operations and aircraft responses to control external input and power and provide better training results for students rather than non-motion based simulations. It is described as "loyalty handling", which can be assessed by test flight standards such as Cooper-Harper numeric scale assessment for handling quality. Recent scientific studies show that the use of technologies such as vibration or dynamic seats in flight simulators can be just as effective in delivering training as a large and expensive FFS 6-DOF device.

src: i.ytimg.com

Qualification and approval

Procedures

When the manufacturer wants to have an approved ATD model, a document that contains the specifications for the model line and that proves compliance with the appropriate regulations is filed with the FAA. After this document, called the Qualification Approval Guide (QAG), has been approved, all future devices consistent with QAG are automatically approved and individual evaluations are not required or available.

Flight simulator "levels" and other categories

The following qualification levels are currently provided for FSTD planes and helicopters:

US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)

Flight Training Kit (ATD)

• FAA Basic ATD (BATD) - Provide training platform and design enough for both tasks procedural performance and operations specific to the requirements of the training ground and flight to Pilot Pilot Personal and rating instruments per Title 14 of the Federal Code of Regulations.
• FAA Advanced ATD (AATD) - Provide a platform adequate training to both tasks procedural performance and operations specific to the requirements of the training ground and flight for the Private Pilot Certificate, rating instruments, Commercial Pilot Certificate, and Pilot Airline Transport Pilot (ATP), and Flight Instructor Certificate.

Flight Training Tools (FTD)

• FAA FTD Level 4 - Similar to Cockpit Procedures Trainer (CPT). This level does not require an aerodynamic model, but accurate system modeling is required.
• FAA FTD Level 5 - Aerodynamic programming and system modeling are required, but may represent aircraft families rather than just one specific model.
• FAA FTD Level 6 - A special aerodynamic program of aircraft model, taste control, and physical cockpit is required.
• FAA FTD Level 7 - Special model, helicopter only. All aerodynamics, flight controls, and applicable systems must be modeled. Vibration system should be provided. This is the first level that requires a visual system.

Complete Flight Simulator (FFS)

• FAA FFS Level A - The movement system is required with at least three degrees of freedom. Airplanes only.
• FAA FFS Level B - Requires a three-axis movement and aerodynamic models higher than Level A. The lowest level helicopter flight simulator.
• FAA FFS Level C - Requires a motion platform with all six degrees of freedom. Also lowers transport delays (latency) above level A & amp; B. The visual system must have a horizontal field of view outside the globe of at least 75 degrees for each pilot.
• FAA FFS Level D - The highest FFS qualification level is currently available. Requirements for Level C with additional. The motion platform must have six degrees of freedom, and the visual system must have a horizontal field beyond the field of view of at least 150 degrees, with a Collimated view (remote focus). Realistic sound in the cockpit is required, as well as a number of special motion and visual effects.

European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA, JAA ex)

Navigation Navigation and Flight Procedures (FNPT)

• EASA FNPT Level I
• EASA FNPT Level II
• EASA FNPT Level III
• MCC - Not an actual "qualifying" level, but an add-on that allows any FNPT level to be used for Multi Crew Coordination Training training.

Flight Training Tools (FTD)

• EASA FTD Level 1
• EASA FTD Level 2
• EASA FTD Level 3 - Just a helicopter.

Complete Flight Simulator (FFS)

• EASA FFS Level A
• EASA FFS Level B
• EASA FFS Level C
• EASA FFS Level D

src: www.rogerdodger.net

Modern modern flight simulators

Vertical Motion Simulator (VMS) at NASA/Ames

The world's largest flight simulator is the Vertical Motion Simulator (VMS) at the NASA Ames Research Center, south of San Francisco. It has a very large throwing system system with 60 feet (/- 30Ã, ft) vertical movement (heave). The heave system supports horizontal rays mounted on a 40-foot long rail, allowing lateral cabin movement of the simulator from 20 feet. A conventional 6-degree hexapod freedom platform is mounted on a 40-ft beam, and replaceable cabins are mounted on the platform. This design allows quick switching from different aircraft cabins. The simulations have ranged from balloons, commercial and military aircraft to the Space Shuttle. In the case of Space Shuttle, a large Vertical Motion Simulator is used to investigate the longitudinal pilot-induced oscillation (PIO) that occurred on the initial Shuttle flight shortly before landing. After the identification of the problem on the VMS, it is used to try different longitudinal control algorithms and recommend the best one to use in the Shuttle program.

Training disorientation

AMST Systemtechnik GmbH (AMST) of Austria and Environmental Tectonics Corporation (ETC) of Philadelphia, USA, produces various simulators for disorientation training, which have full freedom in yaw. The most complex of these devices is the Desdemona simulator at the TNO Research Institute in the Netherlands, produced by AMST. This massive simulator has a cockpit mounted on a skeleton that adds vertical movement. This frame is mounted on the rails attached to the rotating platform. The rail allows the simulator cabin to be placed on a different radius from the center of the rotation and this provides a continuous G capability of up to about 3.5.

src: www.virginexperiencedays.co.uk

Amateur and video game simulation

src: nordictravelmag.com

See also

• FlightSimCon
• Unmanned Aircraft System Simulation

src: i.ytimg.com

References

Note

Bibliography

src: bloximages.newyork1.vip.townnews.com

External links

• Black Magic and Gremlins: Analog Flight Simulation at NASA Flight Research Center by Gene L. Waltman
• Flight Simulation Art (Aersopace MEng Flight Simulation Thesis)
• MiGMan's Flight Sim Museum , a flight video game simulator from the 1970s to today

Source of the article : Wikipedia