Dog Intelligence or dog cognition is a process in dogs to acquire, store in memory, retrieve, merge, compare, and use new situation information and conceptual skills.
Studies have shown that dogs display many behaviors associated with intelligence. They have advanced memory skills, and are able to read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing, and understanding human voice commands. Dogs demonstrate the theory of mind by engaging in deception.
Video Dog intelligence
The evolutionary perspective
Dogs are often used in cognitive studies, including research on perception, awareness, memory, and learning, especially research on classical conditioning and operands. In the course of this study, behavioral scientists found a surprising set of social cognitive abilities in domestic dogs, abilities not shared by dog's closest dog relatives or by very intelligent mammals such as great apes. Instead, these skills resemble some of the social-cognitive skills of human children. This may be an example of Convergent evolution, which occurs when the related species separately develop the same solution for the same problem. For example, fish, penguins and dolphins have each fin evolved separately as a solution to the problem of moving through water. With dogs and humans, we can see psychological convergence; that is, dogs have evolved to cognitively resemble humans more than we do with our closest genetic relatives.
However, it is questionable whether human and animal cognitive evolution can be called "independent". The dog's unavoidable cognitive capacity has been shaped by thousands of years of contact with humans. As a result of this physical and social evolution, many dogs are ready to respond to common social cues for humans, quickly learning the meaning of words, showing cognitive biases, and showing emotions that seem to reflect the human mind.
Research shows that domestic dogs may have lost some of their original cognitive abilities after they joined humans. For example, one study showed convincing evidence that dingos (Canis dingo) could outperform domestic dogs in non-social problem-solving experiments. Other studies show that after being trained to complete simple manipulation tasks, dogs confronted with insoluble versions of the same problem look at nearby humans, while the socialized wolves do not. Thus, modern domestic dogs seem to use humans to solve some of their problems for them.
By 2014, the whole genome study of DNA differences between wolves and dogs found that dogs do not show a diminished fear response, they show greater synapses of plasticity. Synaptic plasticity is widely believed to be a correlation of cellular learning and memory, and this change may have altered the learning and memory capabilities of dogs.
Most modern research on dog cognition focuses on pet dogs living in human homes in the developed world, which only a small percentage of the dog and dog populations of other populations may exhibit different cognitive behaviors. Differences in offspring can have an impact on spatial learning and memory skills.
Maps Dog intelligence
Study history
The first intelligence test for dogs was developed in 1976. This included measurements of short-term memory, agility, and the ability to solve problems such as detouring to the destination. It also assesses the dog's ability to adapt to new conditions and cope with emotionally difficult situations. This test is given to 100 dogs and standards, and breeding norms are developed. Stanley Coren uses a survey conducted by dog ​​obedience judges to rank dog breeds based on intelligence and publish the results in his book The Intelligence of Dogs.
Perception
Perception refers to the mental process through which incoming sensory information is organized and interpreted to represent and understand the environment. Perceptions include processes such as selection of information through attention, organizing sensory information through grouping, and identification of events and objects. In dogs, olfactory information (the sense of smell) is very prominent (compared to humans) but sensory dogs also include sight, hearing, taste, touch and proprioception. There is also evidence that dogs feel the Earth's magnetic field.
A researcher has proposed that dogs feel the passage of time through the dissipation of odors.
Awareness
The concept of "perpetuality of objects" refers to the ability of an animal to understand that objects continue to exist even when they have moved beyond their field of view. This ability is absent at birth, and development psychologist Jean Piaget describes six stages in the development of a permanent object in human infants. A similar approach has been used with dogs, and there is evidence that dogs go through the same stage and reach the fifth stage continued at 8 weeks of age. At this point they can track "sequential displacements" in which experiments move objects behind multiple screens before leaving behind last. It is unclear whether the dog reached Phase 6 of Piaget's permanent object development model.
A study in 2013 shows that dogs appear to recognize other dogs regardless of type, size, or shape, and distinguish them from other animals.
In 2014, a study using magnetic resonance imaging showed that the sound response area exists in the dog's brain and that they exhibit a response pattern in the anterior immediate sound area similar to that in humans.
Social cognition
Social learning: observation and ranking
Dogs are able to learn by simple reinforcement (eg, classical conditioning or operand), but they also learn by paying attention to humans and other dogs.
One study investigated whether dogs involved in paired games would adjust their behavior to their attention-pair. The researchers observed that the game signal was only sent when the dog held the attention of his partner. If the couple is disturbed, the dog is even involved in attention-grabbing behavior before sending a play signal.
The puppy learns behavior quickly by following an example set by an experienced dog. This form of intelligence is not specific to the duties of the dog being raised to do, but can be generalized to various abstract problems. For example, the Dachshund puppies set up the issue of pulling the train by pulling the attached ribbon to get a gift from inside the cart. The puppies who watched experienced dogs doing this task learned the task fifteen times faster than those who were left to solve their own problems.
The social rank of dogs affects their performance in social learning situations. In a social group with a clear hierarchy, dominant individuals are more influential demonstrators and knowledge transfer is likely to be in the same direction, from higher to lower. In problem-solving experiments, dominant dogs generally perform better than subordinates when they observe the actions of human demonstrators, a finding that reflects human dominance in the dog-human group. Subordinate dogs learn best from dominant dogs that are adjacent to the hierarchy.
Following human cues
Dogs show human-like social cognition in various ways. For example, dogs can react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing, and they also understand human voice commands. For example, in one study, the puppies were presented with a box, and showed that, when a handler pressed the lever, the ball would roll out of the box. The handler then lets the puppy play with the ball, making it an intrinsic gift. The children were then allowed to interact with the box. About three-quarters of the puppies then touched the lever, and more than half managed to release the ball, compared to only 6% in the control group who did not see man manipulating the lever.
Similarly, dogs can be guided by cues that indicate the direction of human attention. In one task, a gift is hidden under one of two buckets. The experiment then shows the location of the prize by tapping the bucket, pointing to the bucket, nodding to the bucket, or just looking at the bucket. The dogs follow these signals, doing better than chimpanzees, wolves, and human babies on this task; even puppies with limited exposure to humans perform well.
Dogs can follow the direction pointed by humans. New Guinea's singing dog is a semi-wild dog proto-an endemic dog in a remote mountainous area of ​​Papua New Guinea and this can follow in the footsteps of humans just like Australia dingo. Both show the ability to read human movements that appear early in the domestication without human selection. Dogs and wolves have also been shown to follow a more elaborate pointer made with body parts other than human arms and hands (eg elbows, knees, feet). The dog tends to follow the direction of the pointed hand/arm more when combined with the eye signals as well. In general, dogs seem to use human cues as an indication of where to go and what to do. Overall, the dog seems to have some of the cognitive skills necessary to understand communication as information; However, findings about the dog's understanding of referentiality and the mental state of others are controversial and it is unclear whether the dog itself is communicating with informative motives.
For canine teeth to perform well on traditional human-guided tasks (eg following the human point) both lifelong experiences relevant to humans - including socialization to humans during the critical phase for social development - and the opportunity to link human body parts to outcomes certain (such as food provided by humans, throwing or kicking a human ball, etc.) are required.
By 2016, a study of water rescue dogs that respond to words or movements found that dogs will respond to the movement rather than verbal commands.
Memory
Episodic memory
Dogs have shown episodic memories as to remember past events that include human complex action.
Learn and use words
Various studies have shown that dogs are ready to learn the names of objects and can pick up items from many others when given a name. For example, in 2008, Betsy, the border collie, knew more than 340 words with a capture test, and he could also connect objects with object photographic images, even though he had never seen them before. In another study, a dog noticed when experiments submitted one object back and forth to one another while using the object name in a sentence. The dog then retrieves the item given his name.
In humans, "rapid mapping" is the ability to form fast and rough hypotheses about the meaning of a new word after just one exposure. In 2004, a study with Rico, Border Collie, showed he was able to chart quickly. At first Rico knew the label of more than 200 items. He concludes the names of new items with the exception, that is, knowing that the new item is one he does not yet know. Rico correctly took the new items immediately and four weeks after the initial presentation. Rico is also able to interpret phrases such as "taking socks" with component words (rather than considering words to be one word). Rico can also give the socks to certain people. This performance is comparable to a 3 year old man.
In 2013, a study documented the learning and memory capabilities of the border collie, "Chaser", who has studied names and can associate with oral commands of more than 1,000 words at the time of publication. Chaser is documented as being able to learn the names of new objects "with exceptions", and be able to connect a noun to a verb. It is said that the center for an understanding of the extraordinary achievement of the collie border is the breeding background of dogs - collies grown for grazing work are uniquely suited to intellectual tasks such as word associations that may require dogs to work "at a distance" from their human friends , and this study applauds this selective breeding of dogs in addition to rigorous training for its intellectual prowess.
Emotional intelligence
Studies show that dogs feel complex emotions, such as jealousy and anticipation. However, evidence of apparently human emotional behavior must be interpreted with caution. For example, in his 1996 book Good Enrichment, the etiologist Frans de Waal discusses experiments on guilt and rebuke committed to a Siberian husky woman. The dog has a habit of tearing newspapers, and when the owner goes home to find the grated papers and scolds him, he will act guilty. However, when the owner tore off the paper without the dog's knowledge, the dog "acted just as guilty as when he himself created chaos." De Waal concluded that the dog does not show true guilt as humans understand it, but rather in anticipation of reproof.
One of the limitations in studying emotions in non-human animals, is that they can not verbalize to express their feelings. However, dog emotions can be studied indirectly through cognitive tests, called cognitive bias tests, which measure the cognitive bias and make it possible to draw conclusions about animal mood. Researchers have found that dogs suffering from separation anxiety have a more negative cognitive bias, compared to dogs without separation anxiety. On the other hand, when anxiety separation of dogs is treated with medication and behavioral therapy, their cognitive bias becomes less negative than before treatment. Also administering oxytocin, rather than placebo, induces more positive cognitive biases and positive expectations in dogs. It is therefore recommended that cognitive bias tests be used to monitor the state of positive emotions and therefore welfare in dogs.
There is evidence that dogs can differentiate emotional expressions from human faces. In addition, they seem to respond to faces in a somewhat similar way to humans. For example, humans tend to stare at the right side of a person's face, which may be related to the use of the right hemisphere for facial recognition. Research shows that dogs also fixate the right side of the human face, but not other dogs or other animals. Dogs are the only non-primate species known to do so.
Troubleshooting
Gender dynamics is an important contributor to individual differences in pet dog cognitive performance in repetitive troubleshooting tasks.
Captive-raised dingoes (Canis dingo) can outperform domestic dogs in non-social problem solving. Another study shows that after undergoing training to solve simple manipulation tasks, dogs are faced with unsolved versions of the same problem seeing humans, while the social wolves do not. Modern domestic dogs use humans to solve their problems for them.
Learn with inference
Dogs have been proven to learn by making inferences in a similar way to children.
Dogs have the ability to train themselves and learn behavior through interaction and watching other dogs.
Theories of thought
"Theory of mind" is the ability to connect mental states - beliefs, intentions, desires, feigns, knowledge, etc.-- to myself and others and to understand that others have the beliefs, desires, intentions, and perspectives different from the property itself. There is some evidence that dogs demonstrate the theory of mind by engaging in deception. For example, an observer reported that a dog hid a stolen snack by sitting on it until the rightful owner of the snack left the room. Although this may be unintentional, it indicates that the thief understands that the owner of the treat will not be able to find the food if it is not visible. A study found that dogs are able to distinguish objects that are searched for by a human partner based on their relevance to a partner and they are more interested in showing a relevant object to a partner than an irrelevant one; this suggests that dogs may have missile versions of some of the skills required for the theory of mind.
References
Further reading
- Horowitz, Alexandra.
(Scribner 2009). - Bradshaw, John. Dog Sense (Basic Book 2012).
- Hare, Brian & amp; Woods, Venessa. The Genius of Dogs (Penguin Publishing Group 2013). Reveals research findings about how dogs think and how we humans can have a deeper relationship with them.
- Pilley, John and Hinzmann, Hilary. Chaser: Unlocking the Dog Genius Knowing a Thousand Words (2013 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt).
- Miklosi, Adam. Behavior of Dogs, Evolution, and Cognition (2016 Oxford University Press). Provides the basis for complete dog behavior biology based on concepts derived from contemporary etology.
- Coren, Stanley. Dog Intelligence .
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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